非均质土坡降雨入渗的耦合过程及稳定性分析

针对天然土质边坡通常呈现非均质特性这一问题,进行了降雨入渗作用下非均质土坡稳定性分析,考虑了渗流场和应力场之间的耦合作用。以一简化非均质土坡模型为例,对比了耦合和非耦合情况下渗流场的差异,验证耦合的客观性和其必要性;细-粗型和粗-细型土坡的降雨入渗过程可分别分为2个和3个阶段;运用有限元强度折减法,以特征部位位移突变并结合塑性区贯通作为失稳判据,进行了土坡稳定性分析,发现雨水到达土坡土层接触面的时刻即为边坡稳定性突变的时刻;并通过深入分析孔隙水压力分布,揭示了降雨诱发非均质土坡的变形破坏机制。同时,就降雨强度、历时和渗透系数对非均质土坡入渗过程和稳定性的影响进行了大量的计算和分析,发现只有当雨水进入到下层土体时,该层土体渗透系数才会对土坡稳定性产生较大影响。     

Salt water infiltration in two artificial sea inlets in the Belgian dune area

In the dune area of the Westhoek Nature Reserve, situated in the western Belgian coastal plain, two artificial tidal inlets were made aiming to enhance biodiversity. The infiltration of salt water in these tidal inlets was carefully monitored because a fresh water lens is present in the phreatic dune aquifer. This forms an important source of fresh water which is for instance exploited by a water company. The infiltration was monitored over a period of two years by means of electromagnetic borehole measurements (EM39) and by measurements of fresh water heads and temperature using a large number of observation wells. EM39 observations point to aquifer heterogeneity as a determining factor in the movement of the salt infiltration water. It is shown that part of the infiltration water moves further in the dunes instead of towards the sea. On the long term run, possibility exists that salt water enters the extraction’s capture zone. This issue needs further monitoring and study. Fresh water head and temperature data illustrate that the main period of infiltration is confined to spring tide when large amounts of salt water enter the tidal inlets.     

Bank permeability in an Australian ephemeral dry‐land stream: variation with stage resulting from mud deposition and sediment clogging

Percolation of flood waters into the bed and banks of ephemeral streams provides one of the key mechanisms responsible for transmission loss. However, there are very few published estimates of the rates at which water can enter stream‐bank sediments, and little is known about the variation in bank permeability with elevation above the bed and the resulting effects on transmission loss in floods of different magnitudes. This paper presents the results of 69 field determinations of bank infiltrability made on Fowlers Creek, an ephemeral dry‐land stream located in arid western New South Wales, Australia. Fowlers Creek carries high concentrations of suspended sediments, which are deposited as mud drapes on the bed, banks and floodplain. Results demonstrate that infiltration rates are lowest at the base of the banks, and tend to increase steadily with elevation on the bank, even above the apparent upper limit of mud drapes. In parallel, the texture of the bank sediments (assessed from samples of the uppermost 10 cm) becomes coarser with elevation above the bed. This pattern is inferred to relate to the delivery of silts and clays into pore spaces in the bank sediments by percolating flood waters. The patterns of infiltration rate and sediment texture mapped in the field are reasoned to be the product of many clogging episodes in past flood events having different peak stages. The increase in infiltration rate and mean particle size up the banks reflects lower frequencies of submergence and clogging of the upper banks by large floods, and more frequent inundation and clogging of the lower banks by sub‐bank‐full flows. The stage‐related changes in bank permeability provide a mechanism that can drive variations in transmission loss among floods having different peak stages and hydrograph shapes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

封闭气泡对一维积水入渗影响的试验研究

非饱和土体中的部分气体极容易在入渗过程中被封闭在孔隙或裂隙中,形成互不连通的与外界隔绝的封闭气泡。封闭气泡的存在阻碍了水相的流动,使土体的渗透性能降低,从而对土体的入渗速率产生不可忽视的影响。在分析前人研究成果的基础上,结合室内一维积水入渗试验结果,初步探讨了封闭气泡的形成原因,及其对土体入渗性能的影响机制,对研究非饱和土中水气二相流规律有重要指导意义。试验结果表明：积水入渗时,土体中存在封闭气泡,封闭气泡的含量与土性、干密度和初始含水率等有关。干密度越大,封闭气泡占据孔隙空间越大,阻渗作用越明显,干密度相同时,黏性土中封闭气泡对入渗的阻碍作用较砂性土明显;初始含水率较小时,封闭气泡含量相对较大。由于封闭气泡的存在,入渗稳定时的传输区土体含水率只有土样饱和含水率的80 %左右。     

应用 D、18O同位素峰值位移法求解大气降水入渗补给量

采用D、¹⁸O同位素峰值位移法求出研究区大气降水入渗补给量。通过野外地中渗透计法和降水入渗系数法对同位素法计算结果检验,发现D、¹⁸O同位素法计算结果具有较高精度,同时验证了在研究区用D、¹⁸O同位素方法求大气降水入渗补给量是可行和可靠的。用该方法求解大气降水入渗补给量具有方便快捷、经济省时的优点,在湿润、半湿润地区大气降水补给研究方面,具有很大的应用潜力和重要的应用价值。     

考虑降雨入渗的有密集排水孔幕渗流场分析

有复杂边界面的渗流场求解问题经常会同时涉及降雨入渗边界和密集排水孔边界,这一般是一个非饱和渗流问题,因此传统的稳定饱和排水子结构模型不能适用。根据2类不同的排水孔,给出了排水子结构典型网格划分型式,提出了相应的非饱和排水子结构水力学模型,并引入传统模型中未考虑的降雨入渗等其它边界,使得模型更全面和完善。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡稳定分析

针对降雨入渗土坡的稳定问题,建立一个考虑水力渗透系数特征曲线、土-水特征曲线以及修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的非饱和土流固耦合有限元计算模型,进行雨水入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场和应力场耦合的数值模拟,得到非饱和土边坡变形与应力的若干重要规律。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了基础。     

雾化雨入渗影响下岩质边坡的流固耦合分析

借鉴不饱和渗流的研究方法,参考考虑雾化雨入渗的数学模型和应用有限元软件ABAQUS,分析了雾化雨入渗影响下边坡位移场和渗流场的变化,以及雾化雨入渗对岩体高边坡稳定性的影响。将该方法应用于某水电站大型岩体高边坡工程,得到具有重要工程指导意义的结论和建议。结果表明,雾化雨入渗使得坡体发生了较为明显的变形,且入渗量越大边坡的变形越大,应加强坡面的保护,最大限度地减小雨水入渗,降低雾化雨入渗对边坡的影响。     

包气带水气二相流国外研究综述

与传统的包气带中水流研究相比,水气二相流更准确地描述了包气带中的水与空气的流动情况,这对更好地了解固体废物处置场中污染物的运动规律具有重要的意义.与一相流明显不同的是,二相流考虑了空气的运动及其对水流的作用.根据国外近几十年来不同研究者的研究结果,总结了入渗过程中水的流动、空气对水流的影响及空气本身的压力变化情况,并分析了不同作者研究结果的差别.