Remote classification of Cerrado (Savanna) and agricultural land covers in northeastern Brazil

Remote classification of land-use/land-cover (LULC) types in Brazil's Cerrado ecoregion is necessary because knowledge of Cerrado LULC is incomplete, sources of inaccuracy are unknown, and high-resolution data are required for the validation of moderate-resolution LULC maps. The aim of this research is to discriminate between Cerrado and agriculture using high-resolution Landsat 7 ETM⁺ imagery for the western region of Bahia state in northeastern Brazil. The Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithms were applied to a ～3000 km² subset, yielding comparable classification accuracies. The panchromatic band was reserved for validation. User's and producer's accuracies were highest for non-irrigated agriculture (～94%) but lower for Cerrado Lato Sensu (89%). Classification errors likely resulted from spatial and spectral characteristics of particular classes (e.g. riparian forest and burned) and overestimation of other classes (e.g. Eucalyptus and water). Manual misinterpretation of validation data may have also led to lower reported classification accuracies.     

水稻籽实及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究——以几个金土地工程土地整理区为例

通过对水稻籽实（大米）及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究表明：酸性水稻土壤区域,根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．971,说明大米中镉积累与土壤环境中镉含量密切相关。碱性水稻土壤区域,水稻根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．265,大米中镉含量较低,碱性土壤中镉不易活化而原地淀积,则根系土壤中镉对大米中镉的富集贡献小。水稻根系土壤中有机质（Org）与镉相关系数为0．59,也较为显著。土壤中有机质对重金属元素镉具正吸附作用,有机质含量越高,重金属元素镉呈难吝硫化物而原地淀积。     

农业院校GIS专业人才培养模式与课程体系建设

地理信息系统(GIS)是一门新兴的边缘交叉学科.以江西农业大学为例,详细分析了农业院校GIS专业的人才培养模式和课程体系建设,以期为高校GIS专业的建设提供借鉴和参考.     

Is irrigated agriculture in the Murray Darling Basin well prepared to deal with reductions in water availability?

The “Big Dry”, a prolonged dry period in Australia from 1997 to 2009, dried out much of the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) and resulted in large agricultural losses and degraded river ecosystems. Climate projections are that dry conditions in the MDB are likely to be more regular and severe than ever before, and recent policy initiatives are likely to reduce consumptive water use and redirect water to ecosystem management. This paper aims to develop an understanding of the interactions between water policy and irrigation practices by deriving lessons from drought management in irrigated agriculture of the MDB during the Big Dry, and furthermore, to draw out lessons to enhance the preparedness of irrigated agriculture for a future drier climate and reduced water availability. Reviews of irrigation farmers’ practices, attitudes and capacity to manage during prolonged droughts in the MDB, and the evolution of agricultural water policy in Australia since 1990 were made. It is clear that farmers could be better prepared to deal with a drier climate if their water management practices, e.g. irrigation methods and soil moisture measuring tools are improved, if the impediments to the uncertainty of water allocation and low water availability could be overcome, and if well-targeted research and extension could assist farmers to use water more wisely. It is also clear that Australian water policy could be better prepared in terms of assisting irrigated agriculture to deal with a drier climate. Key areas are reduction of barriers and distortions to water trading, optimizing the environmental water allocation, and seeking mutual benefits between environmental water allocation and irrigated agriculture, improvement of the cost-effectiveness of investments in water supply infrastructure, facilitating carryover and capacity sharing at larger scales, and provision of accurate, accessible and useful water information at different scales. An approach to irrigation practice and water policy is proposed based on past experience and potential opportunities. The approach is a set of linked strategies for more robust agricultural production and a more sustainable environment under a drier climate and reduced water availability.     

应对全球气候变化的低碳农业发展战略与技术对策研究——首届海峡两岸低碳农业发展战略与技术对策研讨会综述

首届海峡两岸低碳农业发展战略与技术对策研讨会于2010年6月在福州市召开.会议总结了近年来两岸在农业应对气候变化方面的战略研究、固碳增汇模式与关键技术、废弃资源利用与节能减排、微生物资源开发与应用技术等方面的成果和进展,并提出了新时期两岸低碳农业发展的战略与技术对策.     

中国农业文化遗产研究的进展与展望

中国农业文明历史悠久,勤劳智慧的劳动人民在长期的生产实践过程中一直在探索适应不同自然条件的农业生产方式,创造了灿烂的农业文化遗产。当今农业发展所面临的面临生态系统退化、面源污染严重、遗传资源丧失、食品安全问题严重等问题,促使人们转而学习传统农业的智慧与经验。本文从基于文献的传统农业文化遗产研究和基于实践的动态保护与适应性管理研究两个方面,较为系统地回顾了中国农业文化遗产研究的主要进展。指出,积淀深厚、成果丰富的农业历史和农业考古研究,为农业文化遗产保护实践和发展生态农业奠定了坚实的基础。2002年联合国粮农组织（FAO）发起的全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）项目,则极大地提高了人们对农业文化遗产价值的认识,使农业文化遗产保护研究与实践进入了一个新阶段,在农业文化遗产的概念与内涵、农业生物多样性、多重价值、替代产业发展以及法律与政策保障等方面都有新的探索。未来研究中应进一步丰富研究内容,改进研究方法,深入开展农业文化遗产的保护和利用的探索等。     

云南省元阳县传统水稻梯田的农业土壤评价

作为元阳水稻梯田农业生态系统可持续性评价的一部分,本文调查了箐口流域梯地的自然生物环境,评价了农业土壤的土壤肥力,采用地质—地貌—土壤信息相结合的方法建立了土壤—景观之间的组合模式。研究确定了人为、气候、地形因素为影响土壤形成的主要因素,评价了土壤潜在生产力以及相关的限制因子,并根据FAO体系,确定并划分了主要的土壤类型。研究结果表明：土壤肥力的空间分布相当均一;土壤属酸性,阳离子代换量和养分储量总体较低;农业生态系统在较大程度上受哈尼群众人为活动的影响,成功维持了相对活跃的养分循环系统。目前的研究集中在：（1） 本研究区域在整个哈尼梯田系统中的代表性评价;（2） 田间水平上的养分循环研究;（3） 土壤特性对作物产量的影响;（4） 将田间水平的研究结果应用于更大的空间单元。     

安徽水稻土中镉元素生态安全评价标准探讨

土壤中镉元素稳定的残渣态所占比例在重金属中为最低,其赋存形态以离子态为主,易被植物吸收的活性态较高,生态危害较大。稻米镉元素与土壤镉元素具有显著的正相关性。根据区域土壤镉元素与稻米镉元素含量及稻米镉超标率关系,将水稻种植土壤分为生态安全土壤、具生态安全风险土壤及生态安全高风险土壤,提出了土壤镉元素生态安全定量分级标准。     

气候变化背景下广东早稻气象灾害变化

利用1961-2008年广东省86个气象站的资料,结合农业气象观测报表中早稻各个发育期的出现时间,从程度和频率两个方面对比分析1961-1996年与1997-2008年两个时段早稻生长季的主要气象灾害变化特征.结果表明,1997年以来,(1)低温阴雨危害明显减轻；(2) “五月寒”无明显变化趋势,但年际波动较大,主要危害北部地区；(3) “龙舟水”危害略有加重,降水集中期后推至6月中旬；(4)≥35℃高温热害加重.揭示了气候变化背景下广东早稻主要气象灾害的变化特征,为早稻应对气候变化调整生产布局、培育优质品种提供科学依据.     

基于污染足迹模型的湖州市农业污染评估

太湖流域的水环境质量呈现严重恶化趋势,农业污染物的排放是太湖流域水体环境恶化的主要原因之一。农业污染物主要来源于种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业的生产过程,不同于以往分开论述三者对水环境的影响,本文基于全国第一次污染普查数据,运用污染足迹模型定量分析了湖州市农业面源(种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业)对水环境的影响。研究结果表明:(1)农业生产产生的污染物对水环境的影响排序为:磷>氮>有机物;(2)各农业生产类型对水环境的影响排序为:水产养殖业>种植业>畜禽养殖业;(3)湖州市各区县对水环境的影响也存在着明显的空间差异。通过对湖州市农业污染足迹评估,可以明确地提出哪种污染物类型、农业生产类型和区域是湖州市农业面源污染治理的重点。研究结果可以为太湖流域农业的可持续发展和水资源的可持续利用提供一定的参考价值。