Geochemisty and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Glenrock Station area,N.S.W.

In the Upper Murray Valley, Victoria, Late Silurian, high‐Si igneous rocks, which are closely associated with alkalic, basaltic dykes, were emplaced at high crustal levels following the peak of the Benambran Orogeny, which deformed and metamorphosed the Wagga Zone in Late Ordovician‐Early Silurian times. These rocks, which are informally termed ‘the Upper Murray high‐Si magmatic suite’, include leucogranites, rhyolite dykes and flows, and ash‐flow tuffs characterised by the following features. They are transitional from mildly peraluminous to mildly metaluminous; they represent relatively anhydrous magmas, in which halides were important volatile constituents; they have high Si, total alkalies, Rb, Th, U, Nb, Sn and heavy rare earth elements; and they are relatively repleted in Mg, Ca, Sr, Eu, V, Cr and Ni. In these respects and in their post‐orogenic setting and close association with alkalic basalts, they resemble many post‐orogenic granitoids from elsewhere. Such granitoids appear to have formed as partial melts during crustal extension following major episodes of deformation and high‐Si magmatism. A residual granulitic crust, from which an earlier generation of granitoid magmas had been extracted, is argued to be the source rock‐type for these post‐orogenic magmas. Tectonic extension, affecting such a crust, was accompanied by deep fracturing and basaltic vol‐canism. Mantle‐derived, CO₂‐ and halide‐rich fluids moved into the residual crust, causing widespread metasomatism, and emplacement of basaltic magma caused temperatures to rise until melting took place and a second group of magmas was produced. This model explains most aspects of the trace and major element chemistry of post‐orogenic, high‐Si igneous rocks and, for the Upper Murray high‐Si suite it also provides an explanation for variations in trace elements and isotopic characteristics. Other processes, such as crystal fractionation, magma mixing, thermogravi‐tational diffusion, and separation and loss of a volatile phase, provide explanations for variations within individual units of the suite, but they do not explain overall variations or the highly fractionated nature of the suite.     

Origin and tectonic significance of a Mesozoic multi-layer over-thrust system within the Yangtze Block (South China)

In the Yangtze Block (South China), a well-developed Mesozoic thrust system extends through the Xuefeng and Wuling mountains in the southeast to the Sichuan basin in the northwest. The system comprises both thin- and thick-skinned thrust units separated by a boundary detachment fault, the Dayin fault. To the northwest, the thin-skinned belt is characterized by either chevron anticlines and box synclines to the northwest or chevron synclines to the southeast. The former structural style displays narrow exposures for the cores of anticlines and wider exposures for the cores of synclines. Thrust detachments occur along Silurian (Fs) and Lower Cambrian (Fc) strata and are dominantly associated with the anticlines. To the southeast, this style of deformation passes gradually into one characterized by chevron synclines with associated principal detachment faults along Silurian (Fs), Cambrian (Fc) and Lower Sinian (Fz) strata. There are, however, numerous secondary back thrusts. Therefore, the thin-skinned belt is like the Valley and Ridge Province of the North American Applachian Mountains. The thick-skinned belt structurally overlies the thin-skinned belt and is characterized by a number of klippen including the Xuefeng and Wuling nappes. It is thus comparable to the Blue Ridge Province of Appalachia.The structural pattern of this thrust system in South China can be explained by a model involving detachment faulting along various stratigraphic layers at different stages of its evolution. The system was developed through a northwest stepwise progression of deformation with the earliest delamination along Lower Sinian strata (Fz). Analyses of balanced geological cross-sections yield about 18.1–21% (total 88 km) shortening for the thin-skinned unit and at least this amount of shortening for the thick-skinned unit. The compressional deformation from southeast to northwest during Late Jurassic to Cretaceous time occurred after the westward progressive collision of the Yangtze Block with the North China Block and suggests that the orogenic event was intracontinental in nature.     

Estimation of causative fault parameters of the Rudbar earthquake of June 20, 1990 from near field SH-wave data

We analyze the strong motion accelerograms recorded for the large (M_S=7.7, M_W=7.3, m_b=6.4) Rudbar earthquake of June 20, 1990. The earthquake had a complex source process. We have identified the imprints of rupture of three localized asperities on the major causative fault on the accelerograms. These asperities are interpreted to correspond to (i) the main shock that initiated the rupture process and was located in the domino block between the Kabateh and Zard Goli faults, (ii) a foreshock that occurred about 10 s earlier in the Kabateh fault and (iii) a later shock, on the western end of the Baklor fault, which terminated the bilateral rupture process at the western end. We estimate the strike, dip and slip of these causative sub-event rupture planes using the SH spectral amplitudes, based on a point source representation of sub-events and a non-linear least square formulation for inversion of the amplitude data. The results of our inversion of the near field data are comparable to other studies based on teleseismic data.     

Theoretical Study on Stochastic Modeling of Combined Gravity-Magnetic-Electric-Seismic Inversion and Its Application

As gravity field,magnetic field,electric field and seismic wave field are all physical fields,their object function,reverse function and compound function are certainly infinite contiuously differentiable func-tions which can be expanded into Taylor (Fourier) series within domain of definition and be further reduced in-to solving stochastic distribution function of series and statistic inference of optimal approximation,This is the basis of combined gravity-magnetic-electric-seismic inversion built on the basis of separation of field and source gravity-magnetic difference-value(D-value)trend surface,taking distribution-independent fault sys-tem as its unit,depths of seismic and electric interfaces of interests as its corresponding bivariate compound re-verse function of gravity-magnetic anomalies and using high order polynomial(high order trigonometric func-tion)approximating to its series distribution,The difference from current dominant inversion techniques is that,first,it does not respectively create gravity-seismic,magnetic-seismic deterministic inversion model from theoretical model,but combines gravity-magnetic-electric-seismic stochastic inversion model from stochastic model;second,after the concept of equivalent geological body being introduced,using feature of independent variable of gravity-magnetic field functions,taking density and susceptibility related to gravity-magnetic func-tion as default parameters of model,the deterministic model is established owing to better solution to the con-tradictioc of difficulty in identifying strata and less test analytical data for density and susceptibility in newly explored area;third,under assumption of independent parent distribution,a real modeling by strata,the prob-lem of difficult plane closure arising in profile modeling is avoided,This technology has richer and more detailed fault and strata information than sparse pattern seismic data in newly explored area,successfully inverses and plots structural map of Indosinian discontinuty in Hefei basin with combined gravity-magnetic-electric-seismic inversion,With development of high precision gravity-magnetic and overall geophysical technology,it is certain for introducing new methods of stochastic modeling and computational intelligence and promoting the develop-ment of combined gravity-magnetic-electric-seismic inversion to open a new substantial and promoting the develop-ment of combined gravity-magnetic-electric-seismic inversion to open a new substantial path.     

广西灌阳地区碳酸盐岩层滑断裂构造地球化学系统

灌阳地区碳酸盐岩中的层滑断裂构造地球化学系统具有典型的结构分带性、变形二重性和成分互补性。在这个系统中存在着Cu→Fe3 →V→Si→Al→Mn→Ba→Ni→Sr→Ag→Bi→Ga→In→Pb→Fe2 →Cr→Co→Zn→Mg→Ca→CO2的稳定性递减序列。影响构造地球化学分异的因素是原岩的性质、应力、温度和流体。构造地球化学作用的基本类型有：动力分异作用、压溶作用和氧化还原作用。层滑断裂带并非还原环境，碳质富集源自有机碳的氧化。Sr是高应力环境同构造重结晶方解石带的特征元素，Zn是低应力环境裂隙充填型方解石脉的特征元素。     

郯—庐断裂带南延入湖南的质疑

郯—庐断裂带纵贯中国东部,规模巨大,长期、多次活动,对该区的地质发展,岩浆活动和矿产的分布均起到重要的控制作用。目前,地学界对其北段和中段的存在已无异议,但南延问题仍处于众说纷纭的争论局面。笔者通过对郯—庐断裂带基本地质特征的认识,并与湖南、江西存在的深大断裂进行对比,同意前人将郯—庐断裂带与赣江断裂相连的意见,认为它南延进入湖南的可能性不大。     

似鱼形断层角砾形成机制及意义

在湖南衡东县铅锌矿观察到一种似鱼形的断层角砾。利用单个角砾即可指示断层两盘位移方向和断层面产状。作者认为它将为变质岩区矿田构造研究、为钻孔岩心研究和矿山坑道地质研究中确定断层位移方向带来方便。     

拖曳锚安装缆绳在海床土中的反悬链形态研究

由于在抗拔承载力和深水安装中的优势,拖曳锚在深水系泊系统中具有良好的发展前景。在拖曳锚安装过程中,安装缆绳和锚之间存在复杂的相互作用,安装缆绳在海床土中的反悬链形态将直接影响锚的嵌入和运动,对反悬链形态的研究有助于提高锚的嵌入性能、准确预测锚的运动轨迹以及解决锚在安装中的精确定位问题。基于嵌入缆单元在海床土中的力学模型,推导出适用于黏性土和无黏性土的反悬链方程,利用该方程可求出安装缆绳在海床土中的反悬链形态;通过在缆绳上布置倾角传感器并运用圆弧递推方法,设计出可实时测量嵌入缆形态的试验技术,为验证试验技术的合理性,在空气中分别选取3种典型缆绳形态进行模拟,结果表明：模拟形态与真实形态吻合良好,并具有较高精度;利用实时测量技术开展模型试验,对反悬链方程进行了考察,验证了其模拟嵌入缆反悬链形态的精度,并获取了对拖曳锚安装过程中反悬链形态变化规律的直观认识。     

方差体技术在地震勘探中的应用

三维地震数据体反映了地下一个规则网格的反射情况。当遇到地下有断层或某个局部区域地层不连续变化时，一些地震道的反射特征就会与附近地震道出现差异而导致地震首局部的不连续性。三维方差体技术就是求取三维数据体所有样点的方差值来反映这种不连续性信息。通过该技术在济宁2号井某采区的实际应用，可看出，方差体技术在三维地震信息的自动拾取以及提高地震资料解释成果精度等方面有明显优势，对断层、陷落柱有良好的自动识别能力。     

四川盆地基底断裂对长兴组生物礁的控制作用研究

四川盆地长兴组生物礁油气藏是国内外该类型油气藏的一个典型代表。在前人主要针对川东北地区提出台地边缘是生物礁发育有利部位的基础上,从盆地更广的尺度,结合国内外已有实例,着重从基底断裂角度,分析了其对生物礁发育的影响与控制作用。结果表明,盆地内长兴组发育有大量NE和NW向深大断裂,地层、岩相和构造证据均反映这些断裂在晚二叠世处于正断活动期,并形成了台—槽相间和台内棋盘格状堑垒构造格局。基底正断活动通过对古地理的影响来实现对生物礁的控制,生物礁受张性正断层上升盘"断隆"控制,分布于基底断裂古上升盘断阶处,如环海槽的台地边缘和台地内部断垒周缘。因此,除已获得重大突破的"环海槽礁滩气藏富气带"外,在台地内部靠基底断裂带附近,礁滩也可能发育,可作为今后油气勘探重点考虑的对象。这一研究新认识有助于拓展区域油气勘探思路,并为生物礁型油气成藏理论研究提供新的参考信息。