ALLUVIAL CHARACTERISTICS,GROUNDWATER–SURFACE WATER EXCHANGE AND HYDROLOGICAL RETENTION IN HEADWATER STREAMS

Conservative solute injections were conducted in three first-order montane streams of different geological composition to assess the influence of parent lithology and alluvial characteristics on the hydrological retention of nutrients. Three study sites were established: (1) Aspen Creek, in a sandstone–siltstone catchment with a fine-grained alluvium of low hydraulic conductivity (1·3×10⁻⁴ cm/s), (2) Rio Calaveras, which flows through volcanic tuff with alluvium of intermediate grain size and hydraulic conductivity (1·2×10⁻³ cm/s), and (3) Gallina Creek, located in a granite/gneiss catchment of coarse, poorly sorted alluvium with high hydraulic conductivity (4·1×10⁻³ cm/s). All sites were instrumented with networks of shallow groundwater wells to monitor interstitial solute transport. The rate and extent of groundwater–surface water exchange, determined by the solute response in wells, increased with increasing hydraulic conductivity. The direction of surface water–groundwater interaction within a stream was related to local variation in vertical and horizontal hydraulic gradients. Experimental tracer responses in the surface stream were simulated with a one-dimensional solute transport model with inflow and storage components (OTIS). Model-derived measures of hydrological retention showed a corresponding increase with increasing hydraulic conductivity. To assess the temporal variability of hydrological retention, solute injection experiments were conducted in Gallina Creek under four seasonal flow regimes during which surface discharge ranged from baseflow (0·75 l/s in October) to high (75 l/s during spring snowmelt). Model-derived hydrological retention decreased with increasing discharge. The results of our intersite comparison suggest that hydrological retention is strongly influenced by the geologic setting and alluvial characteristics of the stream catchment. Temporal variation in hydrological retention at Gallina Creek is related to seasonal changes in discharge, highlighting the need for temporal resolution in studies of the dynamics of surface water–groundwater interactions in stream ecosystems. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1990—2018年于桥水库流域氮磷浓度变化趋势及影响因素

基于1990—2018年于桥水库流域入库河流与水库的逐月总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)监测数据,整理并分析了1990-2002、2003—2014和2015—2018年3个时段TN、TP浓度和氮磷比(TN/TP)的时空变化特征,探究流域内点面源污染削减、调水、氮磷滞留等对营养盐浓度变化的影响。结果表明,1990—2018年于桥水库TN浓度年均值在1.14～3.74 mg/L之间,水库TP浓度年均值在0.025～0.131 mg/L之间,多年TN/TP平均值为45,远高于淡水磷限氮磷比,是磷限水库。于桥水库流域5个测点中,沙河TN浓度最高,黎河TP浓度最高,入库TN、TP浓度大于库区,水库TP滞留率略大于TN。水库TN、TP浓度在2000s中后期下降,之后出现反弹。原因是2003年水源保护工程实施后,入库营养物浓度降低;2014年底南水北调中线一期工程通水后,于桥水库的引滦水量减少,TN的稀释效应弱化,上游来水TP浓度上升与水库内夏秋两季浮游植物的增殖,导致第三时段水库内TP浓度上升。基于月尺度水质分析,夏季水库TN浓度最低,TP浓度达到峰值,主成分分析表明,历年6—10月的水库Chl.a浓...     

好氧反硝化反应器中微生物群落的碳代谢特征

本文采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术,分析了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)5、6、7h和进水硝酸盐(NO3ˉ-N)浓度50、100、150mg/L时,好氧反硝化反应器微生物群落结构和代谢功能特征。研究结果表明:在同一进水硝酸盐浓度下,水力停留时间越长,微生物代谢活性越强(P0.05);在同一水力停留时间下,不同进水NO3ˉ-N浓度下微生物平均吸光值(用平均颜色变化率AWCD指示)的大小顺序为50150100mg/L(P0.05),说明进水NO3ˉ-N浓度对微生物代谢活性有一定影响。反应器内微生物对不同碳源的代谢利用由强到弱的顺序是:多聚物氨基类碳水化合物羧酸类胺类酚酸类。不同处理组的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数、Mc Intosh指数相互之间差异显著(P0.05),其中HRT为7h、NO3ˉ-N为150mg/L以上处理组微生物多样性指数最高。本实验采用Biolog-ECO板来分析在好氧反硝化反应器中微生物的群落代谢特征,研究结果可为通过碳源调节生物滤池水处理效果提供科学依据,以此提高水处理效率。     

半封闭大棚实验下广州市植被滞尘光谱特征分析

基于广州市常见的绿化植物,采用高光谱遥感技术,通过设计半封闭的大棚实验方案,探讨了滞尘污染下不同植物叶片的光谱特征,结果表明：1）滞尘时间是影响绿化植物累积滞尘量的一个重要因子,滞尘量随着时间的增加而增加,但达到饱和之后会呈减少的趋势。2）在可见光波段,受叶面尘影响,叶片光谱反射率升高,且随滞尘量的增加而升高;在近红外波段则相反,光谱反射率随滞尘量的增加而降低。3）叶面尘对植物叶片的光谱特征参数具有直接或间接的影响,其中滞尘量与植物的三边位置无关,与归一化植被指数NDVI呈负相关关系,且不同植物的NDVI受叶面尘影响的程度不同,从大到小依次为：朱蕉>红花檵木>金叶榕。文章设计的半封闭大棚实验方案为植物滞尘效应的长时间可持续性研究提供了新思路。     

高岭土对聚丙烯酰胺静吸附与动滞留的影响

在三次采油领域里,吸附滞留量是影响化学剂驱油效果的关键因素之一。结合现场实施注聚采油工艺出现的各种问题,在基础理论的指导下,通过室内模拟实验45℃条件下,利用淀粉-碘化镉比色法研究了聚丙烯酰胺水溶液在不含油石英砂中的静态吸附及人造均质岩心中的动态滞留规律,并考察了高岭土对其滞留量产生的影响。实验结果表明,吸附等温线基本符合S型,溶液浓度在1 200 mg/L附近达饱和吸附;高岭土的存在使聚合物在石英砂中的吸附量及岩心中的滞留量增加,随着高岭土含量的增加,吸附滞留量由0.353 mg/g增加到0.794 mg/g。相同实验条件下,吸附量要远远多于滞留量。     

Distribution of whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri, Desmarest 1823) larvae in the Río de la Plata estuarine front

Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) larvae obtained and hydrographic data collected in the Rio de la Plata estuary (35°S–56°W) between 1987 and 2000 were used to explore the early life stages spatial and temporal distribution patterns and their relation to oceanographic features. The spatial distribution, restricted to a band in the inner part of the estuary, coincided with the bottom salinity front and the maximum turbidity zone (MTZ, turbidity front). Larvae were present during the warmest months (October through May) within a range of 14–24.5 °C temperature and 0.9–33 salinity. A vertically stratified sampling performed in the region where the largest abundance was found (December 2005 and March 2006) was used to test the hypothesis that larvae retention occurs in the bottom salinity front.The vertically stratified sampling showed larvae throughout the water column with high predominance in the river–estuary transition zone. A positive correlation between abundance and the bottom salinity horizontal gradient was found. The size analysis showed that the largest individuals (>10 mm SL), probably undergoing the settlement process, inhabited near the bottom and that the smallest (<10 mm SL) were present in the whole water column. Length distribution along the front showed no trend.Results support the estuarine retention hypothesis of previous studies on whitemouth croaker gravid females, eggs distribution and outcomes from a numerical simulation model. Retention in the salinity front/MTZ would allow larvae to benefit from food accumulation in the region, the high turbidity level provide shelter against predators and retention in the estuary secure closeness to the main nursery ground.     

Using a pore‐scale model to quantify the effect of particle re‐arrangement on pore structure and hydraulic properties

A pore‐scale model based on measured particle size distributions has been used to quantify the changes in pore space geometry of packed soil columns resulting from a dilution in electrolyte concentration from 500 to 1 mmol l^?1 NaCl during leaching. This was applied to examine the effects of particle release and re‐deposition on pore structure and hydraulic properties. Two different soils, an agricultural soil and a mining residue, were investigated with respect to the change in hydraulic properties. The mining residue was much more affected by this process with the water saturated hydraulic conductivity decreasing to 0·4% of the initial value and the air‐entry value changing from 20 to 50 cm. For agricultural soil, there was little detectable shift in the water retention curve but the saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased to 8·5% of the initial value. This was attributed to localized pore clogging (similar to a surface seal) affecting hydraulic conductivity, but not the microscopically measured pore‐size distribution or water retention. We modelled the soil structure at the pore scale to explain the different responses of the two soils to the experimental conditions. The size of the pores was determined as a function of deposited clay particles. The modal pore size of the agricultural soil as indicated by the constant water retention curve was 45 µm and was not affected by the leaching process. In the case of the mining residue, the mode changed from 75 to 45 µm. This reduction of pore size corresponds to an increase of capillary forces that is related to the measured shift of the water retention curve. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Model suggested for an important part of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a water unsaturated bentonite

The hydro-mechanical behaviour of a clay-based buffer material for nuclear waste disposal has been investigated in a laboratory program. In this program, the main focus was on the influence of confinement on water uptake and swelling pressure during suction decrease. The laboratory program and some of the results are presented by Dueck [Dueck, A., 2006. Laboratory results from hydro-mechanical tests on a water unsaturated bentonite. submitted for publication.].

The results from the laboratory tests were used to find a relationship between water content, void ratio, swelling pressure and suction. Two equations for swelling pressure represent the outline of the model.

In the first equation, the swelling pressure developed during water uptake is normalised by a pressure corresponding to the swelling pressure at saturation. This is done in order to be independent of void ratio. A relationship between the normalised swelling pressure and the degree of saturation is suggested.

The second equation describes a relationship between the swelling pressure, the water content and the actual suction (or relative humidity). The equation is based on a thermodynamic relationship and includes the retention curve (i.e. water content vs. suction under free swelling conditions).

The model can be used for a state where two of the four variables; water content, void ratio, swelling pressure and suction are known and can thus be useful to evaluate field measurements and model late stages of the wetting process. An example of an application is given. The equations are mainly based on results from tests with increasing degrees of saturation under constant void ratio but are also suggested for use with increasing void ratio.     

The role of pore water in the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils

Deformation and failure of soils are governed by the stresses acting on the soil skeleton. The isotropic stress acting on the soil skeleton can be divided into two components. One is the stress component which is transmitted through the soil skeleton. This skeleton stress is influenced by the pore water (bulk water) in the soil. The other is the internal stress component which does not contribute to equilibrium with a given external force. The internal stress is induced by the capillary tension of meniscus water clinging to the contact point of soil particles and acts so as to connect the soil particles tightly. Therefore, in modeling the stress and strain relations for unsaturated soils, it is of much importance to quantitatively evaluate how the pore water exists in the soil. This paper discusses the role of pore water on the mechanical behaviour of the soil. In particular, the significance of the water retention curve is emphasized from a mechanical viewpoint. Essential features required in modeling of the constitutive relations for unsaturated soils are discussed and presented.     

无纺土工织物保土应用中的概率设计准则

保土准则是土工织物反滤准则的重要组成部分,但目前的设计准则保土有余,透水不足。介绍了无纺土工织物的两种孔洞分布曲线,计算了土颗粒透过织物的概率。在理论分析的基础上,提出了一种概率保土准则。该准则对土体中的骨架颗粒和小颗粒透过织物的概率分别加以限制,既能保持土体稳定,又能防止淤堵。