Seismic demands and analysis of site effects in the Marmara region during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake

The characteristics of the strong ground motion accelerograms from the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are investigated in detail in this study. The emphasis is on the comparison of the response spectra for the fault normal (FN) and fault parallel (FP) components of the ground motions. The results show that the near-fault records with directivity effects characterize themselves with increased base shear demands rather than increased displacement demands for both the FN and FP components and a narrower velocity sensitive region for the FN component. This study also shows that the effectiveness of base isolation may vary from site to site and for a given site, from component to component. The site effects in the Marmara region during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are examined. Site amplifications are predicted by the classical spectral ratio (CSR) and the receiver function (RF) methods. The CSR method gives higher estimates for the site amplifications compared to the RF method and is in better conformity with the observed damage during the Kocaeli earthquake. The districts of Istanbul that are especially susceptible to site amplification hazard are determined. It is apparent from the results that the site amplification hazard risk is the highest for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. This study also shows that for sites which have the risk of soil amplification for long-period structures, liquefaction may not be beneficial as a natural base isolator, and may result in shifting the eigenperiod of the low- and mid-rise structures to the critical periods with high site amplifications. This may be especially the case for Avcilar and Bakirkoy districts. In Fatih, Bakirkoy, and Cekmece districts, the predominant period of the ground motion is calculated to be very close to the eigenperiods of the typical residential buildings. Therefore, these three districts are expected to experience heavier damages in future earthquakes due to resonance effects.     

延安压实黄土土−水特征曲线的快速预测方法

传统测试土−水特征曲线（soil-water characteristic curve,简称SWCC）方法耗时较长,开发快速确定非饱和土的SWCC具有重要的实践意义。为了实现压实黄土SWCC快速预测,对不同干密度压实黄土进行了水势和水分测试,并且运用核磁共振（nuclear magnetic resonance,简称NMR）技术对其孔径分布曲线进行了测试。根据测试结果建立了基于孔隙比的延安压实黄土土−水特征曲线快速预测方法,并利用实测数据验证了方法的准确性。结果表明：预测模型中的分形维数D可用孔径分布曲线上两点（峰值点和半幅点）的累计孔隙体积与孔径在双对数坐标中连成直线的斜率确定;基于孔隙比和优势孔径在双对数坐标中的线性关系,D可用孔隙比进行表示。SWCC进气值受大孔隙直径控制;过渡段斜率受中孔隙体积控制;压实黄土存在一个临界孔径,而残余含水率主要受孔径小于临界孔径的孔隙体积控制,并且提出了求取残余体积含水率的经验方法。与传统方法相比,所提出的方法可以在确定SWCC时节省大量时间。     

饱和度对玄武岩微波响应的影响试验研究

岩石的微波处理效果受诸多因素影响,其中水是一种良好的吸波介质,能提高岩石的微波吸收能力。为探索饱和度对微波照射后岩石响应特征的影响效果,以不同饱和度的玄武岩试样为研究对象,以升温特性、波速与孔隙度变化以及动态抗拉强度等为参考指标,开展了3 kW功率微波照射的破岩试验。从细观与宏观角度的分析结果表明：（1）水的存在影响了微波照射过程中岩样的升温特性,照射的前15 s内,饱和度低于75%组明显促进了升温速率,而饱和度达到100%则作用相反,升温速率低于干燥组;15～30 s随着含水率的减少与蒸发吸热,含水试样升温速率降低;30～45 s内水分蒸发完毕,含水试样的升温速率接近干燥试样。（2）饱和度差异导致玄武岩在微波照射后发生不同程度的波速与孔隙率的变化,波速降幅范围为8.18%～17%,孔隙率增长范围为18.71%～43.65%,损伤效果并未随饱和度升高而增强。（3）同样照射条件下,50%饱和度组在蒸汽压力和热应力共同作用下快速达到强度极限,试样直接发生破坏。其余组试样大多未发生明显细观损伤,最终动态抗拉强度差距不明显。     

基于模拟退火法的磁共振测深多源谐波噪声压制方法

磁共振测深找水方法在高电磁噪声环境下应用时,往往会因为电磁噪声的干扰导致实测数据信噪比降低,反演结果难以准确地确定实际地下水体的分布状况,降低方法的应用效果。针对磁共振测深找水方法在实际野外数据采集工作中常面临的多源谐波噪声干扰问题,在模型去噪的基础上推导出网格搜索同步删除法,进一步提出了效率更高的模拟退火同步删除法。仿真结果表明,2种方法均能有效压制多源谐波噪声,而模拟退火同步删除法能够更快速地搜索谐波基频值,相较网格搜索同步删除法在双基频谐波情况下工作效率提高2.35倍,大大降低了去噪流程的时间成本,且对多源谐波噪声也能取得较好的去噪效果。将该去噪算法应用于实例中,反演结果和钻孔资料的对比表明,模拟退火同步删除法可以有效压制磁共振测深方法实测数据中的多源谐波噪声,显著提高磁共振测深方法的应用效果。     

基于谱元法的三维盆地－子盆地共振初步研究

本文基于谱元法,模拟三种深度的点震源下,四种倾角的三维单一小盆地模型和盆地－子盆地模型的地震动,通过盆地模型和基岩半空间模型的傅氏谱比分析三维盆地－子盆地模型的共振频率和放大特性。结果表明:（1）盆地－子盆地模型下,外部大盆地的存在导致子盆地共振频率下降约5%,盆地倾角的增大导致子盆地的共振频率略微减小。三维子盆地的共振频率约为二维模型的1.5倍左右。（2）子盆地模型相对于基岩半空间的放大倍数随着盆地形状比降低而增加。形状比由0.88降低至0.5,子盆地的放大系数增大1.3－1.8倍左右。（3）盆地－子盆地模型相对于单一小盆地模型的放大随震源深度的增加而降低,震源深度由2 km增加到18 km,由2.3降至1.3。     

Occurrence characteristics and controls over mobile fluids in a tight sandstone reservoir

Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology, this paper proposes a new pore structure parameter called ‘effective mobile fluid saturation’, which can account for two factors that influence mobile fluids in pores: the stiction of hydrophilic particulates on the surfaces of pores and the constraints of tiny throats. The new parameter quantifies the effective content of the mobile fluids and compensates for the deficiencies using conventional parameters like ‘mobile fluid saturation’. Pore-throat connectivity is crucial for effective mobile fluid saturation, which reaches its highest point when the sorting coefficient is in the range of 1.5–2.0. Recognition of the pore-throat configuration is crucial in assessing the effectiveness of mobile fluids in tight sandstone reservoirs. Factors that influence the effectiveness of mobile fluids in three types of pore structures are discussed from a diagenetic perspective, including the development of microfractures and secondary pores, recrystallisation, clay mineral precipitation, and other micropore structure characteristics.     

冻融循环作用下砂岩孔隙体积变形模型的建立与分析

为研究冻融作用下砂岩内部孔隙的扩展机制,基于弹性力学和热力学理论,建立了饱水孔隙内水结冰的体积变形计算模型。结合基于核磁共振技术的冻融循环作用下饱和砂岩的孔隙度变化和T₂谱分布的试验结果,通过建立的孔隙体积变形计算模型,分析了冻融作用下砂岩的孔隙体积变形规律。结果表明：冻融作用下饱和砂岩的体积膨胀系数大于8.69%;单次冻融作用对砂岩试样的损伤较小,孔隙体积的变化范围在0.80%~1.03%之间;砂岩的孔隙收缩系数和孔隙弹性变形体积占比的变化规律一致,均为先增大后减小;砂岩试样的孔隙收缩系数在7.92%~8.04%之间,其孔隙弹性变形体积占比平均为97.79%;在冻融过程中大孔隙的弹性变形比小孔隙的弹性变形更小。     

结节性硬化症的影像学表现

目的分析结节性硬化症的影像学表现。材料与方法回顾性分析30例临床和病理证实的结节性硬化症的影像学表现。结果CT发现25例室管膜下钙化,2例实质内钙化,1例合并巨细胞星形细胞瘤及梗阻性脑积水。MRI发现3例室管膜下未钙化结节。B超发现2例双肾多发血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,其中1例同时有肝血管瘤。结论室管膜下和/或皮质钙化、未钙化结节及双肾多发血管平滑肌脂肪瘤是非常重要的诊断结节性硬化的征象,结合临床三联征能准确诊断。     

Statistical fusion of two-scale images of porous media

The reconstruction of the architecture of void space in porous media is a challenging task, since porous media contain pore structures at multiple scales. Whereas past methods have been limited to producing samples with matching statistical behavior, the patterns of grey-level values in a measured sample actually say something about the unresolved details, thus we propose a statistical fusion framework for reconstructing high-resolution porous media images from low-resolution measurements. The proposed framework is based on a posterior sampling approach in which information obtained by low-resolution (MRI or X-ray) measurements is combined with prior models inferred from high-resolution microscopic data, typically 2D. In this paper, we focus on two-scale reconstruction tasks in which the measurements resolve only the large scale structures, leaving the small-scale to be inferred. The evaluation of the results generated by the proposed method shows the strong ability of the proposed method in reconstructing fine-scale structures positively correlated with the underlying ground truth. Comparing our method with the recent method of Okabe and Blunt [12], in which the measurements are also used in the reconstruction, we conclude that our method is more robust to the resolution of the measurement, and more closely matches the underlying fine-scale field.     

Using microtremors for microseismic zonation in Cairo’s crowded, urban areas

In order to determine the fundamental period of soil vibrations in Cairo, 174 microtremors stations, in conjunction with mobile accelerographs, were used. The result was a collection of long-period microtremors and ambient noise arising from cultural disturbances. The Nile Valley shows some fixed peaks at 2.5–3.5 Hz at the center of the basin, while the Nile’s surrounding area shows a fundamental peak of 4–5 Hz, leaving a 5–7-Hz resonance peak for the sand-like, gravelly soil from Abbasiya to the airport. A frequency-dependent soil amplification map is drawn, which includes seismic microzonation maps for Cairo. Based on the above, a maximum acceleration map for two important earthquakes affecting Egypt in the last century is produced (Faiyum, 1992, and Aqaba, 1995).