Large-scale depositional characteristics of the Ulleung Basin and its impact on electrical resistivity and Archie-parameters for gas hydrate saturation estimates

Gas hydrate saturation estimates were obtained from an Archie-analysis of the Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) electrical resistivity logs under consideration of the regional geological framework of sediment deposition in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, of Korea. Porosity was determined from the LWD bulk density log and core-derived values of grain density. In situ measurements of pore-fluid salinity as well as formation temperature define a background trend for pore-fluid resistivity at each drill site. The LWD data were used to define sets of empirical Archie-constants for different depth-intervals of the logged borehole at all sites drilled during the second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expedition (UBGH2). A clustering of data with distinctly different trend-lines is evident in the cross-plot of porosity and formation factor for all sites drilled during UBGH2. The reason for the clustering is related to the difference between hemipelagic sediments (mostly covering the top ∼100 mbsf) and mass-transport deposits (MTD) and/or the occurrence of biogenic opal. For sites located in the north-eastern portion of the Ulleung Basin a set of individual Archie-parameters for a shallow depth interval (hemipelagic) and a deeper MTD zone was achieved. The deeper zone shows typically higher resistivities for the same range of porosities seen in the upper zone, reflecting a shift in sediment properties. The presence of large amounts of biogenic opal (up to and often over 50% as defined by XRD data) was especially observed at Sites UBGH2-2_1 and UBGH2-2_2 (as well as UBGH1-9 from a previous drilling expedition in 2007). The boundary between these two zones can also easily be identified in gamma-ray logs, which also show unusually low readings in the opal-rich interval. Only by incorporating different Archie-parameters for the different zones a reasonable estimate of gas hydrate saturation was achieved that also matches results from other techniques such as pore-fluid freshening, velocity-based calculations, and pressure-core degassing experiments. Seismically, individual boundaries between zones were determined using a grid of regional 2D seismic data. Zoning from the Archie-analysis for sites in the south-western portion of the Ulleung Basin was also observed, but at these sites it is linked to individually stacked MTDs only and does not reflect a mineralogical occurrence of biogenic opal or hemipelagic sedimentation. The individual MTD events represent differently compacted material often associated with a strong decrease in porosity (and increase in density), warranting a separate set of empirical Archie-parameters.     

边坡滚石运动学参数敏感性

滚石是边坡工程中一种常见的动力地质灾害.正确估算滚石运动轨迹是经济合理地进行防护结构设计的基础.滚石运动轨迹受多种参数的影响,准确把握各运动学参数对防护结构设计控制指标的敏感性,可以更加有针对性地进行滚石灾害防治工作.因此,将正交试验设计与基于运动学的滚石运动轨迹数值计算方法相结合,以景(德镇)鹰(潭)高速公路DK27+120里程附近边坡滚石灾害为例,将3类防护结构设计控制指标作为试验指标,将5种影响滚石运动轨迹的参数作为试验因素,应用正交试验表安排滚石运动轨迹数值计算试验,进行3指标5因素正交试验.通过试验结果的极差分析与方差分析,对滚石运动学参数的敏感性以及显著性进行分析和检验,确定影响防护结构设计控制指标的主要参数,为滚石灾害的防治提供科学依据.     

不同反应参数下纤蛇纹石纳米管的水热合成研究

以活性MgO和纳米SiO2为原料,在仿地质作用的碱性水热环境下控制不同反应参数合成了多个系列的纤蛇纹石样品。利用XRD和IR分析系统地研究了不同反应参数对纤蛇纹石特征的影响。结果表明,活性MgO和纳米SiO2在水热环境中很容易转变成纤蛇纹石相,但形成完善纳米管结构须严格控制水热反应条件;pH值、反应温度和反应时间的提高均有利于水热合成结晶度及管状结构更加完善的纤蛇纹石,最佳水热反应条件为pH=13.8,200℃,反应60h,此条件下无其它杂质产物生成,合成温度较前人采用的300℃有所降低。利用SEM和AFM对最佳反应条件下合成的纤蛇纹石纳米管的形貌进行了观察,发现其为短柱状,准直性较高,表面光洁无杂质,直径均一,约50nm,长度多为400～500nm。     

Fusion of multi‐resolution surface (terrestrial laser scanning) and subsurface geodata (ERT,SRT) for karst landform investigation and geomorphometric quantification

A multi‐method research design based on terrestrial laser scanning, GIS, geophysical prospecting (electrical resistivity tomography, refraction seismics) and sedimentology is applied for the first time to investigate enclosed karst depressions in an integrated way. Fusing multi‐resolution surface and subsurface geodata provides profound insights into the formation, geometry and geomorphologic processes of dolines. The studied landforms, which are located in the Dikti Mountains of East Crete, are shown to be filled by loose sediments of thicknesses of up to 30 m that mainly consist of fine‐grained material overlying solid bedrock at depths below 35 to 45 m. By combining subsurface observations with geomorphometric calculations, local doline genesis can be traced back to initial collapse of fractured bedrock followed by subsequent infilling with colluvials. In order to define crucial methodological requirements and guidelines for data fusion, both the impact of different elevation models and the influence of data resolution are assessed. Surface volumes of depressions derived by the digital surface model are 7–21% higher than the results obtained from the terrain model due to vegetation. Similarly, estimates of infill volume calculated on the basis of geophysical outcomes and elevation data differ by up to 13%. Calculations of the landforms' current volumes (i.e. total surface and subsurface volume), however, are fairly insensitive to raster resolution. Hence, the distinct geomorphologic properties of landforms (e.g. shape, terrain roughness, slope inclination) substantially determine the geomorphometric analysis of both surface and subsurface data. As shown by the findings, data fusion to integrate digital terrain, geophysical and sedimentological datasets of varied resolutions benefits geomorphologic studies and helps provide a comprehensive image of landforms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of the dominant polychaete Scolelepis squamata on nematode colonisation in sandy beach sediments: An experimental approach

The effect of an abundant sandy beach polychaete, Scolelepis squamata, on the colonisation of defaunated sediments by marine nematodes indicates that sandy beach fauna can be partially controlled by biological interactions within and across size groups. Experimental cores, equipped with windows allowing infaunal colonisation, were filled with defaunated sandy beach sediment containing two different treatments with and without S. squamata. These cores were inserted into microcosms filled with sediment with indigenous meiofauna collected from the field. The treatments were incubated in the laboratory at ambient temperature and salinity for 2, 7, 14 and 21 days, in order to follow the colonisation process of the defaunated sediments by the indigenous nematode fauna over time. Nematodes initially colonised both treatments, with abundances of up to 10% of the densities in the control; after 2 weeks, nematode densities in the cores without S. squamata surpassed the control densities. Nematode assemblages in both treatments were not species rich, and also differed in composition from the natural assemblages. The most successful colonising species, Enoplolaimus litoralis, was rare in the surrounding sediment, suggesting that colonisation was determined by species-specific characteristics such as body size, motility and feeding strategy. Initially the presence of macrofauna did not affect the nematode community composition, but after 2 weeks of the experiment, the presence of the polychaete seemed to facilitate the earlier establishment of non-opportunistic species.     

聚驱后二元复合泡沫驱不同气液比实验研究

通过对比聚驱后聚表二元复合泡沫驱四种不同气液比（1：2、1：1、2：1、3：1）的实验结果,优选出最优的气液比,并对泡沫驱油机理进行进一步的阐述,为现场矿场试验提供理论依据和参考。实验结果表明,在水驱和聚驱效果相似的条件下,聚驱后二元复合泡沫驱四种不同气液比方案采出程度的大小关系是3：1〈1：2〈2：1〈1：1,最优气液比为1：1。     

Study on forward modeling of through-casing resistivity logging

Through-casing resistivity logging (TCRL) is a new kind of logging method for formation evaluation,reservoir monitoring and saturation changes tracking. In this paper,the basic principle of TCRL is de-tailed,and the modified transmission line equation method (MTLEM) is first proposed in China. The MTLEM has been employed to simulate the responses of TCRL,on the basis of which,the effects of formation resistivity,cement and casing on the responses of TCRL are analyzed,and the signals in-duced in different formations are also calculated,which can help the design of TCRL tool and data processing and interpretation in China.     

Experiments on Transformation and Run-Up of Wave Trains

—This paper details experiments undertaken in the UK Coastal Research Facility(CRF)at Hy-draulics Research(HR).Wallingford.on transformation and run-up of wave trains.The purpose of theseexperiments is to provide verification data for numerical models of wave transformation in shoaling.surfand swash zones.This is the kind of data that flume experiments are unable to provide.and is collected inthe highly controlled environment of CRF where extrinsic factors present in the field are not an issue.Theexperiments concerning wave trains are undertaken by use of existing wave generation software.and therun-up measurements are made with large experimental run-up gauges.