酒西盆地侏罗-白垩系储油层特征及其影响因素分析

本文以酒西盆地侏罗—白垩系储油层为例,对低渗透砂岩及孔隙—裂隙双重介质储集层的孔隙结构进行了较详尽的研究,并对其某些特征参数进行了计算,进而试图从其宏观和微观规律入手查明该储层的储集特征、分布规律及其影响因素,以达到指导油田今后勘探和开发的目的。     

湖泊(水库)沉积物分析在土壤侵蚀研究中的运用

土壤侵蚀研究对于防治自然灾害,实现土地的可持续利用具有重要的现实意义。由于一些地区长期以来水文观测资料较为匮乏,针对过去时间段内的土壤侵蚀研究通常需要寻找替代指标。湖泊(水库)作为流域内侵蚀产物的“汇”,其沉积物可不同程度地记录较长时期土壤侵蚀的具体特征,因此,基于湖泊(水库)沉积物分析的土壤侵蚀研究具有较强的应用价值和发展潜力。本文主要围绕确定土壤侵蚀年代,反演侵蚀过程,探寻沉积物来源的研究主线,详细论述了湖泊(水库)沉积物中放射性同位素、矿物磁性、粒度以及地球化学指标的应用原理和方法,分别总结了国内外学者利用湖泊(水库)沉积物在上述3个领域所取得的研究成果,在此基础上讨论了目前研究中存在的不确定性,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Magma sources and gold mineralisation in the Mount Leyshon and Tuckers Igneous Complexes, Queensland, Australia: U-Pb and Hf isotope evidence

In situ LAM-ICPMS U-Pb, Hf-isotope and trace-element analyses of zircon have been used to evaluate the relative contributions of juvenile mantle and crustal sources to the intrusive rocks of the mafic to intermediate, gold-poor Tuckers Igneous Complex (TIC), and the spatially and temporally related, felsic Mount Leyshon Igneous Complex (MLIC), which hosts a gold-rich porphyry system.

The TIC intrusions range in age from 304.2 ± 9.1 Ma to 288.5 ± 6.4 Ma, and the MLIC intrusions from 291.0 ± 4.8 Ma to 288 ± 6 Ma. Cross-cutting relationships define the intrusion sequence from oldest to youngest; Diorite, Monzodiorite, Mafic Granodiorite and Biotite Microgranite within the TIC; Early Dyke, Southern Porphyry and Late Dyke within the MLIC.

Zircons from the earliest rock type within each complex have a wide range in _Hf (5.2 to 14.8 for the TIC Diorite, 2.0 to 12.4 for the MLIC Early Dykes) suggesting the mixing of juvenile and crustal magmas. This interpretation is supported by trace-element data that show the presence of two distinct zircon populations in the MLIC Early Dyke. The later intrusive rocks have narrower ranges in _Hf (typically < 4 _Hf units) and trace-element patterns of zircon. This homogeneity suggests derivation from magmas produced by further mixing and fractional crystallisation of the TIC Diorite and the MLIC Early Dyke magmas respectively. A greater crustal contribution to the gold-rich MLIC is inferred from the range of median _Hf (3.2 to 4.5 for the MLIC, 5.4 to 8.7 for the TIC). We suggest that the MLIC was derived by melting of more felsic crustal rocks, and with less input from juvenile mantle, then the TIC; it was not derived by fractional crystallisation of an intermediate to mafic TIC-like magma. Modelling of Hf isotope data yields a mean model age of 1040 ± 10 Ma (at ¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf = 0.015) for the crustal component in both complexes.

Gold was precipitated in the MLIC Breccia during the emplacement of the Late Dykes. The isotopically homogenous nature of the Late Dykes suggests that no additional juvenile-mantle input was involved at the mineralisation stage. This supports a model in which gold and other metals were indigenous to the Late Dykes magma and were concentrated by magma differentiation and fluid-evolution processes.     

应对干旱的黄河干流梯级水库群协同调度

科学控制梯级水库蓄泄过程是减少旱灾损失的重要手段。以减少干旱年份流域缺水量和优化缺水时空分布为目标,构建应对干旱的梯级水库群多时空尺度协同优化调度模型。采用交互式与改进粒子群优化方法,外层寻求多年调节水库旱限水位最优控制,内层优化梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,实现流域水资源年际调控、年内优化、库群协同、空间协调。以2014年的黄河流域重旱为例,通过模型优化提出2012—2014年龙羊峡水库旱限水位及梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,结果表明:通过龙羊峡水库旱限水位控制实现跨年度补水,控制各年度缺水率在4.9%~5.7%之间,通过水库群出库过程优化控制不同区域各时段缺水均匀分布,将农业缺水率控制在7.0%~11.0%之间,显著减轻了旱灾损失。     

渤海海域深层低孔渗油气藏成因机制分析——以渤中1&2区块为例

渤海深层油气藏勘探潜力大,随着渤海勘探的深入,深层低孔渗油气藏已成为渤海勘探的必然选择。而深层低孔渗油气藏在成因类型和成藏机制上明显不同于先前的构造类油气藏。以渤中12区块为例,对其深层低孔渗油气藏成因机制进行深入剖析。研究表明,研究区深层低孔渗油气藏为先致密后成藏。根据深层成藏力平衡机制和浮力成藏下限理论,主要为以浮力运移动力为主的常规油气藏,以及以分子膨胀力为主的深盆致密油气藏,是两种不同成因机制的油气藏叠加在一起组成的复合油气藏。晚期原油两期充注成藏加之晚期碳酸盐胶结作用,导致古油藏的存在。先期原油的排酸作用,异常超压带虽然碳酸盐含量高,但是粒度较粗砂体碳酸盐胶结物含量较少,且颗粒溶孔也比较发育,另外超压使压实受抑制,原生孔隙得以保存,这都是深部致密带出现"甜点"的原因。研究成果对指导渤海深层勘探,拓展勘探领域有一定的借鉴意义。     

Diagenesis of the palaeo-oil-water transition zone in a Lower Pennsylvanian carbonate reservoir: Constraints from cathodoluminescence microscopy,microthermometry, and isotope geochemistry

Oil-water transition zones in carbonate reservoirs represent important but rarely studied diagenetic environments that are now increasingly re-evaluated because of their potentially large effects on reservoir economics. Here, data from cathodoluminescence and fluorescence microscopy, isotope geochemistry, microthermometry, and X-ray tomography are combined to decipher the diagenetic history of a 5-m-long core interval comprising the oil-water transition zone in a Lower Pennsylvanian carbonate reservoir. The aim is to document the cementation dynamics prior, during, and after oil emplacement in its context of changing fluid parameters. Intergrain porosity mean values of 7% are present in the upper two sub-zones of the oil-water transitions zone but values sharply increase to a mean of 14% in the lower sub-zone grading into the water-saturated portions of the reservoir and a very similar pattern is observed for permeability values. In the top of the water-filled zone, cavernous porosity with mean values of about 24% is found. Carbonate cements formed from the earliest marine to the late burial stage. Five calcite (Ca-1 through 5) and one dolomite (Dol) phase are recognized with phase Ca-4b recording the onset of hydrocarbon migration. Carbon and oxygen cross-plots clearly delineate different paragenetic phases with Ca-4 representing the most depleted δ¹³C ratios with mean values of about −21‰. During the main phase of oil emplacement, arguably triggered by far-field Alpine tectonics, carbonate cementation was slowed down and eventually ceased in the presence of hydrocarbons and corrosive fluids with temperatures of 110–140 °C and a micro-hiatal surface formed in the paragenetic sequence. These observations support the “oil-inhibits-diagenesis” model. The presence an earlier corrosion surface between phase Ca-3 and 4 is best assigned to initial pulses of ascending corrosive fluids in advance of hydrocarbons. The short-lived nature of the oil migration event found here is rather uncommon when compared to other carbonate reservoirs. The study is relevant as it clearly documents the strengths of a combined petrographic and geochemical study in order to document the timing of oil migration in carbonate reservoirs and its related cementation dynamics.     

跨流域联合供水水库补偿特性研究

跨流域水库补偿特性主要包括水文补偿特性与库容补偿特性两个方面,以大连市两座重要的供水水源碧流河水库、英那河水库为例,运用Copula函数分析了碧流河水库、英那河水库天然入库径流年系列、汛期系列、非汛期系列的丰枯遭遇概率,采用统计学方法分析了两座水库连续枯水系列年的遭遇情况。并建立了考虑外调水源的碧流河、英那河水库联合优化供水调度模型,模拟得出了规划水平年水库供水量与下泄水量,利用两座水库长系列调节历年下泄水量之间的对应关系对水库库容补偿特性进行了分析。研究成果可以为大连市境内水系连通规划提供一定的依据,水库补偿特性研究方法也可为其它类似工程规划提供借鉴。     

Log evaluation of fractured igneous reservoirs in Songliao Basin

The petrophysical parameters are bad in most igneous reservoirs of Songliao Basin because of the very low porosity and permeability. The evaluation of igneous reservoirs has not been fully studied so far. The current technique of formation evaluation and interpretation used in sedimentary formations face a series of prob- lems and difficulties. In this study, The PCA was used to identify lithology, a multi-mineral model “QAPM” was proposed. “Surface effect” must be considered when evaluating saturation. A software “SIMPLE” was developed and was used to deal with the logging data in over 70 wells with good results were achieved.     

Evaporation from boreal reservoirs: A comparison between eddy covariance observations and estimates relying on limited data

Hydrological models used for reservoir management typically lack an accurate representation of open-water evaporation and must be run in a scarce data context. This study aims to identify an accurate means to estimate reservoir evaporation with simple meteorological inputs during the open-water season, using long-term eddy covariance observations from two boreal hydropower reservoirs with contrasting morphometry as reference. Unlike the temperate water bodies on which the majority of other studies have focused, northern reservoirs are governed by three distinct periods: ice cover in the cold season, warming in the summer and energy release in the fall. The reservoirs of interest are Eastmain-1 (52°N, mean depth of 11 m) and Romaine-2 (51°N, mean depth of 42 m), both located in eastern Canada. Four approaches are analysed herein: a combination approach, a radiation-based approach, a mass-transfer approach, and empirical methods. Of all the approaches, the bulk transfer equation with a constant Dalton number of 1.2 x 10⁻³ gave the most accurate estimation of evaporation at hourly time steps, compared with the eddy covariance observations (RMSE of 0.06 mm h⁻¹ at Eastmain-1 and RMSE of 0.04 mm h⁻¹ at Romaine-2). The daily series also showed good accuracy (RMSE of 1.38 mm day⁻¹ at Eastmain-1 and RMSE of 0.62 mm day⁻¹ at Romaine-2) both in the warming and energy release phases of the open-water season. The bulk transfer equation, on the other hand, was incapable of reproducing condensation episodes that occurred soon after ice breakup. Basic and variance-based sensitivity analyses were conducted, in particular to measure the variation in performance when the bulk transfer equation was applied with meteorological observations collected at a certain distance (~10–30 km) from the reservoir. This exercise illustrated that accurate estimates of open water evaporation require representative measurements of wind speed and water surface temperature.     

安徽滁河断裂带温泉的水化学和同位素特征及成因分析

笔者等以安徽滁河断裂带内的6个温泉为主要研究对象,分析了水样的水化学特征,利用氢氧同位素对温泉的补给高程进行估算,并提出温泉的成因模式。研究区温泉阳离子以Ca2+和Mg2+为主,根据SO2-4和HCO-3的相对含量的不同,可以将水样分为两组,A组水样（富HCO-3）的主要离子的质量浓度均低于B组（富SO2-4）水样,A组水样的水化学类型为HCO-3—Ca2+·Mg2+; B组水样的（除AH14为SO2-4—Ca2+外）水化学类型为SO2-4—Ca2+·Mg2+。A组水样的稀土元素含量高于B组,二者均在NASC标准化图解上表现出平坦型的配分模式,且都表现出轻稀土富集和Eu正异常的特征。水样的氢氧稳定同位素组成表明温泉的补给来源都是大气降水,补给区温度约为13~15 ℃。A组温泉的补给高程为120~160 m低于B组温泉的200~260 m,且A组温泉的热储温度为45~70℃,低于B组温泉的热储温度70~105 ℃。地下水经历深循环获得大地热流加热后沿断裂带上升出地表。