立交构造与渭河盆地地震活动

分析了鄂尔多斯地块南部和渭河盆地构造的空间分布特征，认为鄂尔多斯地块南部存在3条NW向隆起带，渭河盆地内部存在3个近EW向斜列的次级沉降中心，这些隆起带与次级沉降中心及其间的横向隆起共同组成了立交构造，分析了渭河盆地内部及其周边地区历史地震和现代地震的空间分布，发现立交构造对盆地内地震活动有着较强的控制作用。     

The use of caesium‐137 to estimate agricultural erosion on steep slopes in a tropical watershed

The estimation of erosion and sediment delivery rates in tropical mountain watersheds is difficult and most of the methods widely used for estimating soil erosion over large areas have serious limitations. The ¹³⁷Cs approach has potential for quantifying soil erosion because it can provide retrospective estimates of long‐term (since 1963) net sediment redistribution relatively quickly. Despite its great potential, ¹³⁷Cs has not yet been used in an extensive, reconnaissance level survey of erosion in complex tropical mountain environments. The objective of this study was to examine the applicability of the ¹³⁷Cs method to estimate erosion on steep tropical agricultural lands (23 to 80% slopes) in the Nizao watershed, a humid, tropical mountain area of the Dominican Republic. In this study we (i) examine the variation of ¹³⁷Cs in ten reference sites—eight coffee groves and two forested sites—and (ii) estimate erosion from 14 cultivated fields. The soil pool of ¹³⁷Cs ranged from to 150 to 192 mBq cm⁻² on reference sites with minimal erosion. Variability among reference sites was less than expected for such complex mountain terrain. The variability within coffee and forested reference (average CV=28%) sites was similar to the variability found on grassland and forested reference sites in the temperate zone. The estimated annual soil loss from 14 sampled fields ranged from 6 to 61 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with an overall mean of 26 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Overall, the soil erosion estimates found using the ¹³⁷Cs method were much lower than those often assumed for such steep tropical hillsides. These erosion estimates account for soil loss since 1963 only and it seems likely that soil losses may have been much higher in earlier decades immediately after initial forest clearing earlier in the 20th century. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地球空间双星探测计划

地球空间双星探测计划包括两颗小卫星,将分别运行于目前国际上地球空间探测卫星尚未覆盖的近地赤道区和近地极区.双星计划的主要科学目标是用高分辨率的仪器在近地空间的主要活动区探测场和粒子的时空变化;研究磁层亚暴、磁暴和磁层粒子暴的触发机制及磁层空间暴对太阳活动和行星际扰动的响应过程;建立地球空间环境的动态模式.为了实现科学目标,赤道卫星和极区卫星上各载有9台探测仪器.赤道卫星的轨道是:近地点550km,远地点60000km,倾角约2.5°;极区卫星轨道是:近地点350km,远地点25000km,倾角约90°左右.为了使双星计划与欧空局ClusterⅡ相配合,赤道卫星计划于2002年12月发射,极区卫星计划于2003年6月发射.双星计划与ClusterⅡ相配合,可形成地球空间6点探测计划,这将成为21世纪初国际上重要的地球空间探测计划.     

重大工程设定地震动确定

概率一致反应谱通常高估设计地震动的中长周期成份,不能真实代表地震环境下的样本实现,为了合理地估计设计地震动反应谱,本文结合工程结合的动力特性和峰值加速度的经验设防标准,建议了一种重大工程设定的地震确定方法,然后依据设定地震和地震动衰减关系确定设计地震动反应谱。     

四川冕宁大桥水库区水文地质与工程地质条件研究

分析了四川冕宁大桥水库坝区和库区的水地质和工程地质条件,由于库区内断裂比较发育,因此,水库蓄水后,库水将会下渗,易于发生诱发地震,由于大坝和库区位于安宁河断裂中段,因此应注意该段发生诱发地震的可能性,库坝区边坡较稳定,但是近库坝区局部边坡有失稳的可能性,虽然不致于影响水库的正常运行,但是也应引起重视。     

应用灰色聚类法预测小浪底水库诱发地震最大震级

根据野外考察并结合前人研究成果,对黄河小浪底水库及其邻区地震地质背景进行了分析,对其区域应力状态、断层活动性、地层岩性和地震活动背景等水库诱发地震因素进行了研究。简要地介绍了灰色聚类法,并应用该方法对小浪底水库发生水库诱发地震的可能性及诱发地震震级进行了预测。结果表明,该水库存在水库诱发地震的可能性,其最可能诱发地震的地段及库区中段,水库诱发地震最大震级预测为５级。     

Nitrogen emissions into freshwater ecosystems: is there a need for nitrate elimination in all wastewater treatment plants?

Excessive inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen are the main reasons of eutrophication of inland waters and coastal areas. Large efforts have been made to control phosphorus, but the measures to reduce nitrogen emissions failed at least partly. While it was possible to reduce nitrogen emissions from industry and municipal wastewater treatment plants, diffuse sources are showing only very minor decline. Examples of limnetic, marine and coastal systems are given to review the current knowledge about nitrogen transformation and the effects of nitrate in the environment. When N is the limiting nutrient in a particular water body, this does not necessarily mean that phytoplankton is controllable by NO₃^– removal. In systems with problems due to a high redox‐sensitive internal phosphorus load and under certain constraints, nitrate may be used as an ecotechnological measure to prevent anaerobic phosphorus release from sediments. Model simulations are used to demonstrate this. A schematic model of redox‐mediated temporal phosphorus storage in riverine lake sediments with short retention time is proposed. We conclude that while anthropogenic nitrogen emissions are a global problem, no fast and simple single solution exists. Additional nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment will have no effect, as long as diffuse sources and nitrate concentrations in groundwater remain at a high level. Emission reductions should be achieved in an integrated way, taking direct and indirect effects into account. In this sense, case by case decisions and a new definition of “sensitive areas” are required.     

Determination of Porosity and Permeability out of Dispersion Analyses of Borehole Wall Displacements

Waves carried in the borehole can be measured by the use of controlled sources inside the borehole and receivers located in the same borehole as well. This article gives the theoretical background and develops a new method to determine rock-physical parameters out of such controlled measurements of waves carried inside the borehole. Theoretical dispersion curves of the group velocities are matched to dispersion analyses of registrations obtained in the borehole. This inversion process intends to determine the in situ porosity and permeability of the rock.     

各向异性介质中的弹性阻抗及其反演

地震反演已成为油藏描述中的重要组成部分.绝大多数的常规地震反演是叠后地震数据体上进行,很少考虑各向异性存在的情况.随着勘探开发的发展,地震各向异性和叠前地震波阻抗反演引起了人们极大关注.本文在各向同性介质中弹性阻抗研究基础上,推导出了各向异性介质中的弹性阻抗方程,提出了地震各向异性介质中用弹性阻抗进行储层参数描述的技术路线和框架,并对反演过程中存在的问题进行了有益探讨.     

主动震源在中国区域尺度及水库地震监测中的应用

综述精密可控震源与陆上气枪2种主动震源特性及在国内区域尺度上的应用,估算观测介质波速随时间变化的精度,探讨主动震源在构建水库地震观测介质波速随时间变化中的系统应用。