中、强震前川滇块体遥感红外辐射异常分析——以宁蒗M5.7地震和鲁甸M6.5地震为例

许多研究表明中强地震前出现了红外辐射异常。近年来,川滇块体中、强地震频发,利用遥感数据对其红外辐射异常变化开展深入分析十分必要。结合13年MODIS/Terra遥感红外数据,采用空间距平分析法、辐射增强阈值面积指数法及辐射亮温均值低频时间序列法,对2004年4月—2017年6月红外亮温数据进行深入分析,研究川滇块体及周边构造断裂M≥5.5地震的震前异常信息。结果表明:(1)M≥6.0地震在震前3～6个月川滇块体会出现较为明显的红外辐射增强异常现象;(2)震前红外异常并非随机分布,而可能是受到相关块体的控制;(3)以宁蒗M5.7地震和鲁甸M6.5地震为例研究发现,震前辐射增强较高的小范围区域与震中位置存在一定关联。     

山东及邻区地震重新定位及其与活动构造的关系

Earthquakes taking place from 1975 to 2010 in and around Shandong Province are relocated using double-difference （HypoDD） and Hypoinvers 2000 （Hypo2000） methods, after correction of the onset times of seismic phases. The results show that the relocated seismicity is clearly associated with regional tectonics in space, and is also in agreement with the existence of deep faults imaged by wide-angle and deep seismic reflection profiling ; most of the focal depths are in the range of 5 - 25km, and there are clearly two predominant depths： 10km and 16km, which are inferred to be on the bottom of the upper crust and in the middle crust, respectively. The pattern of seismic activity indicates that moderate and strong earthquakes are likely to occur in the brittle-ductile transition zone between the upper and the lower crust, as the outcome of the deep tectonic dynamic process and the movement and deformation of faults in the upper and shallow crust under the regional stress field.     

基于跨断层监测资料的金州断裂活动性研究

利用金州地震台跨断层形变观测资料分析金州断裂现今活动特征.长趋势分析结果表明,金州断裂以右旋兼正断为主,活动水平总体较弱.断裂活动分段分析结果表明,北段活动速率高于南段.GPS资料分析表明,2011-03-11日本MW9.1地震对东北地区应力积累具有缓解作用,结合金州断裂跨断层数据认为,金州断裂在2011～2014年活...     

TESTING OF ENERGY DISSIPATING CLADDING CONNECTIONS

Properly designed precast concrete cladding could potentially provide lateral stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation for an overall building structure, especially during earthquakes. This paper describes a set of advanced connections that take advantage of the interaction between facade panels and structure (mainly due to horizontal interstorey drift) to dissipate energy, thereby reducing the response of the main structure. The results of an experimental program to characterize the hysteretic behaviour of advanced connections are presented. Design equations for the advanced connections are then calibrated against the test results, and the corresponding design charts are presented. It is anticipated that this research will lead to innovative ways of viewing the entire cladding system of a building.     

地震岩问题

在过去的82年(1931—2013)中,共出现了39个成因术语。在这39个术语中,只有10个是真正沉积成因的(例如浊积岩),其他29个术语都是比较草率地提出的(just jargons;例如地震岩、海啸岩等)。“地震岩”(seismites)这一成因术语是赛拉赫(Seilacher,1969)提出的,它指沉积记录中的古地震。这是一个误用的(misnomer)术语。赛拉赫仅仅根据美国加利福尼亚州的中新统蒙特雷组(Miocene Montery Formation)10,m厚的露头观察,就匆忙地提出这个术语。他并未对这个露头进行认真的科学研究。最根本的问题是,地震是一个触动因素^①,并不是一个沉积作用。在古代的沉积记录中,鉴别不出各种触动因素(trigger)^②,因为自然界不能保留触动因素曾经存在过的证据。“软沉积物变形构造”(soft-sediment deformation structures,可简称为SSDS),通常被人们用来作为地震岩的鉴别标志,其实它是“液化作用”(liquefacation)的结果。液化作用可以由21种触动因素中的任何一种引起,其中包括地震(earthquake)、陨石冲击(meteorite impact)、海啸(tsunami)、沉积负载(sediment loading)等。在死海盆地中的角砾碎屑,所谓典型的由地震引起的沉积,实际上是常见的同沉积作用的碎屑流的产物,与地震没有关系。其他类型的SSDS,例如 “双向叠层构造”(duplex-like structures)和碎屑注入体(clastic injections),也可以说是同沉积作用的产物,与地震没有关系。世界上广泛分布的砂岩储油层,包括墨西哥湾、北海、挪威海、尼日利亚、赤道几内亚、加逢、孟加拉湾,都表明这些地区的SSDS的第一起因(primary cause)是沉积负载,其证据是可以观察到的和令人信服的。海啸及陨石冲击,都可以形成大量的沉积,例如SSDS的侧向延伸(lateral extent of SSDS),但这些沉积都不能当作地震的鉴别标志。位于印度东部大陆边缘的Krishna-Godavari(KG)盆地中的SSDS,是多种触动因素^①引起的沉积物的失控和液化作用的结果,即多成因的SSDS。由于这些原因,“地震岩”这个成因术语确实没有什么科学价值,应当废弃。     

一种地方与区域地震震源机制反演技术:广义极性振幅技术(二)——对实际震例的应用

为了检验广义极性振幅技术(GPAT)的实用性,我们利用GPAT反演确定了49次实际地震的震源机制、矩震级和震源深度.为了检验GPAT对地方地震、区域地震以及远震的实用性,我们选用了震级范围约为ML0.2~MS7.0之间的地震与震中距范围约在5~8000km之间的观测资料.对反演结果的分析表明,利用GPAT获取的震源机制结果在合理误差范围内是正确的,利用GPAT获取的矩震级结果是可靠的,而利用GPAT获取的震源深度总体上似乎比常规定位深度深约0.6km.总体而言,GPAT在震源机制、矩震级和震源深度的反演方面表现出良好的实用性.     

2014年盈江双震的破裂历史

2014年5月24日在云南省盈江县发生M_s5.6级地震(主震A), 于5月30日在其附近再次发生M_s6.1级地震(主震B). 我们挑选云南省地震台网记录的数字波形资料, 借助于经验格林函数技术提取了这两次地震的震源时间函数,获得了其破裂历史. 为了利用经验格林函数技术提取震源时间函数,我们首先利用优选的速度模型,采用逆时成像技术重新确定了主震A和B以及挑选的6次较大余震的震源位置,并利用双差定位技术确定了主震与余震之间的相对位置;然后利用广义极性振幅技术反演了这些事件的震源机制;最后,根据主震和余震的相对位置以及震源机制特征挑选最优台站记录,提取了两个主震的震源时间函数. 结果表明,主震A持续时间约3.5 s, 分两个阶段,第一阶段0~1.3 s, 第二阶段1.3~3.5 s;主震B持续时间约5.0 s, 其过程比A复杂,至少可以分为五个阶段,第一阶段0~0.7 s, 第二阶段0.7~1.6 s, 第三阶段1.6~2.5 s,第四阶段2.5~3.8 s,第五阶段3.8~5.0 s.     

根据烈度分布确定华北历史地震破裂区的经验准则及其应用

地震破裂区是地震时沿发震断裂带的同震错动面或破裂面在地表的垂直投影区域,指示了震源断层/破裂的位置与尺度。确定过去长期的强震/大地震破裂区是鉴别地震空区、研究与预测强震危险性的重要基础。对于现代强震,破裂区可运用多种现代技术方法确定,但对于历史强震,破裂区确定的方法需要探索与发展。以华北地区为例,研究利用烈度/等震线资料、结合地震构造与震区地表地质环境等信息确定历史强震破裂区的方法,并开展应用试验。结果表明:研究区现代地震破裂区延伸的烈度区间与极震区烈度、震区环境之间存在密切关系,基于这种关系建立了2条经验准则,可分别用于根据烈度分布确定华北2类震区环境(基岩区和厚层第四纪松散堆积覆盖区)历史强震破裂区的位置与延伸。文中还提出通过综合地震构造、现代小震/余震分布等信息,辅助确定历史强震破裂区横向宽度的思路与途径。作为应用试验,文中确定了5次历史地震的破裂区,结果表明本文发展的经验准则及相应方法适用于华北地区历史强震破裂区的确定。     

Site-specific and spatially-distributed ground-motion intensity estimation in the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes

This paper presents site-specific and spatially-distributed ground-motion intensity estimates which have been utilized in the aftermath of the 2010–2011 Canterbury, New Zealand earthquakes. The methodology underpinning the ground motion intensity estimation makes use of both prediction models for ground motion intensity and its within-event spatial correlation. A key benefit of the methodology is that the estimated ground motion intensity at a given location is not a single value but a distribution of values. The distribution is comprised of both a mean and standard deviation, with the standard deviation being a function of the distance to nearby observations at strong motion stations.The methodology is illustrated for two applications. Firstly, maps of conditional peak ground acceleration (PGA) have been developed for the major events in the Canterbury earthquake sequence, which among other things, have been utilized for assessing liquefaction triggering susceptibility of land in residential areas. Secondly, the conditional distribution of response spectral ordinates is obtained at the location of the Canterbury Television building (CTV), which catastrophically collapsed in the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The conditional response spectra provide insight for the selection of ground motion records for use in forensic seismic response analyses of important structures at locations where direct recordings are absent.     

新疆于田两次7.3级地震之后南北地震带Benioff应变比分布特征研究

In view of the correlation between tectonic activity and seismicity, the strong earthquake risk in the North-South Seismic Belt aroused wide concern after the 2014 Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquake. Using the seismic catalog of the China Earthquake Networks Center, the Benioff strain ratio in the North-South Seismic Belt is calculated in 30 days before and after the March 21, 2008 and February 12, 2014 Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquakes. Results show that in a year after the 2008 Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquake, M 〉 5. 0 earthquakes all occurred near the high strain ratio area or the junction between the low and high strain ratio areas, the activity of strong earthquakes obviously coincides with the high strain ratio area, which indicates that these areas have a higher stress level. The Yutian earthquakes promoted the release of small earthquakes in the high stress areas. This research is of certain indicating significance to the study of subsequent strong earthquakes of this region.