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51.
许多大坝的失事是由于高地下水位引起坝肩失稳所致。绕坝渗流是影响坝肩高地下水位的主要因素。为此通常将大坝基础防渗帷幕延伸到坝肩岸坡内一定距离,以减小绕坝渗流影响。而防渗帷幕运行性态随时间变化,为了评价坝肩防渗帷幕和地下水位的运行性态,首先分析了地下水位观测资料和水位、降水、温度、时效等时空影响因素及其表达式,随后基于岸坡地下水位观测资料,利用最小二乘法建立了大坝岸坡地下水位的时空分布模型。通过比较模型剩余标准差和测点的剩余标准差,可以确定坝肩地下水位的异常测点,分析岸坡防渗薄弱部位,掌握坝肩岸坡渗流场时空分布规律,监控绕坝渗流的性态。 相似文献
52.
M. A. Short S. Lamontagne P. G. Cook R. Cranswick 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):319-331
The spatial and temporal distribution of near-shore fresh submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was characterised from the coastal aquifers of the Willunga Basin, South Australia, an extensive aquifer system that supports an important viticultural region. Measurements of electrical conductivity (EC) and 222Rn (radon) activity were collected at 19 sites along the coastline during the Southern Hemisphere spring (2011) and summer (2013). At each site, samples were collected from the surf zone as well asporewater from beach sediment in the intertidal zone. Surf-zone radon activity ranged from <5 to 70mBq L–1, and intertidal porewater radon ranged over two orders of magnitude (220–36 940 mBq L–1) along the Willunga Basin coastline during both surveys. Overall, surf-zone and porewater EC was lower in the spring 2011 survey than in the summer 2013 survey. Porewater EC was similar to that of coastal water at most sites along the coastline, except at three sites where porewater EC was found to be lower than coastal water during both surveys, and three sites where evaporated seawater was observed in the summer survey. Based on the patterns in radon and EC along the coastline, two sites of localised fresh SGD were identified, in addition to a groundwater spring that is known to discharge to the coast. The results indicate that near-shore fresh SGD occurs as localised seeps rather than diffuse seepage along the entire coastline. The apparent absence of groundwater discharge at most locations is also consistent with current evidence suggesting that extensive groundwater pumping within the basin has resulted in seawater intrusion across much of the coastline. These observations also suggest that previous studies are likely to have over-estimated SGD rates from the Willunga Basin because they assumed that SGD occurred along the entire coastline. 相似文献
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54.
Mohamed Mostafa Mohamed 《国际地球制图》2017,32(10):1120-1138
This study has modified an approach based on fuzzy logic in a GIS and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) for groundwater potentiality mapping in Al Fo’ah area, the United Arab Emirates. The proposed approach uses nine groundwater conditioning factors recognized by local hydrology experts. Each factor and class of each factor was given a weight and score based on its level of contributions to groundwater accumulation using analytical hierarchy process and MCDM. Our results revealed that the areas of very high harbouring groundwater are located at the foot of the Oman mountains and occupies an area of about 8.46 km2 (4%) of the study area. We validated our results using the Relative Operating Characteristics. The area under the curve showed a ratio of 0.8957 (of 89.57%). The modified approach is timely and economically effective and can be applied in semi-arid regions to help hydrologists. 相似文献
55.
通过分析研究某农药化工企业密集区地下水水质及污染状况,按照国家有关标准,采用单指标评价法和内梅罗指数法对地下水的质量进行评价。评价结果显示:该区域地下水水质普遍较差,大部分为Ⅳ类及Ⅴ类水质,已不适于饮用。然后对该区域地下水污染进行评价,结果显示地下水有机和无机污染严重,并形成了以某农药化工企业为污染源并沿岩溶地下水流向的一个卤代烃类有机物污染羽,这表明造成该研究区岩溶地下水污染的主要污染源为某农药化工企业。最后根据评价结果,提出相应的控制地下水污染的建议和措施,为该地区制定地下水开发利用规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
56.
甘肃省张掖市甘州城区和外围地下水位上升的原因及其诱发地质灾害的防治对策 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据对地下水的均衡状况、水文地球化学、环境同位素、气象水文条件、地下水流场、区域地质构造变化的研究结果,确定张掖市甘州城区及其外围地下水位上升的主要原因是,地震错断了上部第四系松散层内的隔水层,使中心地带的基底与祁连山区相连的北西向深大断裂带变为导水通道,增大了越流补给量,盆地地下水补给量增加,地下水位大面积上升。关于地下水位上升诱发的地质灾害治理方案的总体思路是,为达到“长治久安”的效果,在城区范围内实施水平排水工程措施,在急需解决城区地下建筑物降水的地段和城区东北部的重灾区实施垂直管井排水工程措施。 相似文献
57.
文章以广西柳州市岩溶地下水为研究对象,在岩溶水文地质调查和样品采集测试的基础上,采用数理统计法、水化学方法(Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比值系数,矿物饱和指数计算)、因子分析法和模糊综合评价法,分析工业型城市岩溶地下水水化学特征及形成机制,开展岩溶地下水质量评价。结果表明,研究区岩溶地下水为中-弱碱性水,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3−、SO42−是主要的阴阳离子,水化学类型以HCO3-Ca型和HCO3-Ca·Mg型为主,且城区的SO42−型水的比例远高于非城区。区内岩溶地下水水化学组分及演化主要受水-岩作用、工业污染、城镇生活污染和农业活动等主控因素的影响,贡献率分别为31.52%、25.15%、18.12%和10.74%。其中,城区的水化学组分受人类活动的影响程度大于非城区的。矿物饱和指数表明,区内方解石和绝大多数白云石为饱和状态,而石膏和盐岩均为溶解状态。不同功能区的水化学敏感指标有差异,工业区以重金属为主,农业区以三氮为主,生活区以K+、Na+、Cl−、SO42−为主。研究区整体水质较好,Ⅰ-Ⅲ类水的比例高达约87.39%;但不同区域的水质差异较大,其中城区的水质较差,超标因子主要为Al、Mn、Pb、Fe、Hg;非城区的水质较好,超标因子主要为三氮。研究成果可以为工业型城市岩溶地下水污染防治提供科学依据。 相似文献
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59.
地下水封石油洞库渗流场的数值分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对研究区水文地质条件和地下水封石油洞库、水幕系统进行了概化,利用Visual MODFLOW软件,建立了某地下水封石油洞库无水幕和有水幕条件下的三维地下水数值模拟模型,模拟了地下水封石油洞库区的渗流场。利用所建模型预报了2种条件下涌入地下水封石油洞库的涌水量、区域地下水降落漏斗扩展情况及洞库上方地下水位变化情况等。由预测结果可知,2种条件下洞库涌水量均逐渐减小并趋于稳定,而有水幕条件下的地下漏斗扩展范围和速度均比无水幕条件小;在洞库开挖初期水幕作用较小,随时间延长作用愈加明显,因此水幕系统在保证地下水封石油洞库的储油安全和保护周围地下水资源方面都起到重要作用。 相似文献
60.
B.M. Mwashote W.C. Burnett J. Chanton I.R. Santos N. Dimova P.W. Swarzenski 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) assessments were conducted both in the laboratory and at a field site in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, using a continuous heat-type automated seepage meter (seepmeter). The functioning of the seepmeter is based on measurements of a temperature gradient in the water between downstream and upstream positions in its flow pipe. The device has the potential of providing long-term, high-resolution measurements of SGD. Using a simple inexpensive laboratory set-up, we have shown that connecting an extension cable to the seepmeter has a negligible effect on its measuring capability. Similarly, the observed influence of very low temperature (≤3 °C) on seepmeter measurements can be accounted for by conducting calibrations at such temperatures prior to field deployments. Compared to manual volumetric measurements, calibration experiments showed that at higher water flow rates (>28 cm day−1 or cm3 cm−2 day−1) an analog flowmeter overestimated flow rates by ≥7%. This was apparently due to flow resistance, turbulence and formation of air bubbles in the seepmeter water flow tubes. Salinity had no significant effect on the performance of the seepmeter. Calibration results from fresh water and sea water showed close agreement at a 95% confidence level significance between the data sets from the two media (R2 = 0.98). Comparatively, the seepmeter SGD measurements provided data that are comparable to manually-operated seepage meters, the radon geochemical tracer approach, and an electromagnetic (EM) seepage meter. 相似文献