内蒙古包头某铁矿尾矿库生态修复的植物优选研究

【研究目的】植物修复技术因其具有绿色、经济、环保的特点,在矿山生态修复中应用广泛,而调查和筛选矿山周边适应本地生境的植物物种是进行植物生态修复的关键环节。【研究方法】通过野外调查取样和室内分析测试相结合的方法,对内蒙古包头某废弃铁矿尾矿库及周边11种优势植物的重金属含量、重金属迁移富集能力及其上覆土壤重金属特征进行分析研究,以期筛选优良修复植物,为矿区生态修复提供科学依据。【研究结果】该废弃铁矿尾矿库及周边土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、F含量均远超过河套平原土壤背景值,地累积指数显示污染等级为2～7级,污染程度从轻—中度污染到极强度污染。植物地下部分各元素含量总体上高于地上部分,除Cu外各植物重金属含量大多超出了正常值范围。【结论】沙蒿和独行菜具有富集型植物特征,玉米、狗尾草、虎尾草和拂子茅属于根部囤积型,碱蓬、灰条菜、苍耳、新疆杨和红柳符合规避型植物特征。可根据植物对重金属的吸收和富集特点,科学合理地选择适宜的植物进行矿区受污染土壤植物修复。创新点：研究了废弃铁尾矿库及周边11种优势植物的重金属特征;揭示了优势植物对重金属的吸收机制。     

Landslide hazard of slopes of sewage treatment plant lagoons constructed in colluvium deposits

A landslide occurred in colluvial deposits at one of the lagoons of Wadi Es-Sir Sewage Treatment Plant Project (under construction) in Jordan. This paper summarizes the geotechnical investigations conducted at three lagoon sites in the project area including the failed lagoon. Results of stability analyses are presented along with recommendations to stabilize the slided lagoon and surrounding areas.     

Electrokinetic retention, migration and remediation of nitrates in silty loam soil under hydraulic gradients

Contamination of groundwater by nitrates leaching from intensive agricultural and livestock operations have become a major concern for surrounding communities that use groundwater as their water supply. High levels of nitrate in drinking water poses a significant risk to human health, i.e., methaemoglobinaemia (“blue baby” syndrome).

The traditional pump-and-treat method is ineffective in medium to fine-textured agricultural soils due to the low hydraulic conductivity. This paper presents the results of a laboratory experiment investigating the feasibility of using electrokinetic treatment in retaining, accumulating, moving and remediating nitrates in a silty loam soil under hydraulic gradients.

A hydraulic gradient of 1.25 was applied to the horizontal soil columns to simulate a groundwater movement system. The study was performed in two stages. During the first stage of the experiment, the anode located at the inflow end of the columns was able to retard the movement of nitrates even under a hydraulic gradient of 1.25. After 15 days of flow, the effluent nitrate concentration in the control column rose to 90 mg l⁻¹ while no nitrates were detected in the effluent from columns subjected to the electrokinetic treatment.

After 15 days, the polarity of the electrodes was switched and this second stage lasted another 20 days. The cathode near the inflow end promoted the conversion of nitrates entering the column to other forms. The anode near the outflow end promoted the migration and accumulation of negatively charged nitrate ions towards the outflow end. By the 12th day, the nitrate concentrations in the electrokinetically treated columns were brought down to <5 mg NO₃-N l⁻¹. Electrokinetic treatment retarded nitrate movement against a hydraulic gradient of 1.25 and effectively restored a medium-textured soil contaminated with NO₃-N.

The NO₂-N level remained below 1 mg l⁻¹ throughout the experiment. The hydraulic conductivity varied between 1.0E–7 and 3.6E–7 m s⁻¹. The current requirement varied between 3 and 6 mA.     

Stochastic management of pump-and-treat strategies using surrogate functions

Typical pump-and-treat (PAT) optimization problems involve design of pumping schemes, while minimizing cost and meeting a set of constraints. Due to scarcity of information about the hydrogeological system, stochastic modeling approaches can be used to assess tradeoffs between optimality and reliability. Using a stochastic approach, the constrained, single-objective problem may be turned into a multiobjective problem by substituting constraint inequalities with an additional objective function (OF) that accounts for the reliability of the PAT process. In this work, two approaches are analyzed: in one case, the additional OF consists of the probability of failure of a given remediation policy; in another, the OF additional is represented by the recourse, namely the penalty cost induced by the violation of constraints. In order to overcome the overwhelming computational cost required by stochastic simulation, surrogate forms of the OFs are introduced. In the test case under investigation, such functions are estimated by a kriging interpolation of the OF over a series of data points obtained from stochastic simulations of flow and transport, and calibrated against stochastic optimization solutions. The analysis of the two approaches for addressing the tradeoff of cost vs. reliability indicates that recourse accounts not only for the frequency of constraint violations, as the probability of failure does, but also for the intensity with which these occur. Ultimately, the recourse method allows considering less restrictive policies, although these may be highly sensitive to the choice of penalty functions.     

沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)对多环芳烃污染沉积物的修复作用

沉水植物是浅水湖泊生态系统的关键种群,对水环境质量及水生生态系统结构有重要影响.以东太湖大水港和湖湾区2个典型的具有不同污染程度的沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长区域为研究对象,考察苦草对多环芳烃(PAHs)的修复效果.结果表明,经过34 d植物修复试验,重度污染的东太湖大水港沉积物中PAHs的去除率为62%,沉积物中PAHs降解速率为0.024 d-1;而中度污染的东太湖湖湾区沉积物的PAHs去除率为42%,其降解速率为0.015 d~(-1).种植苦草的沉积物中PAHs的降解速率是未种植苦草的降解速率的2~3倍.苦草对沉积物中高分子量PAHs的修复效果尤为显著.因此,苦草可以有效地用于PAHs污染沉积物的修复,尤其是在重污染和高分子量PAHs污染沉积物中,苦草的修复作用更加明显.     

小流域水污染治理示范工程——杭州长桥溪的生态修复

长桥溪是杭州西湖上游四大溪流之一.长桥溪生态修复工程利用长桥溪流域的微地貌和水动力作用,通过地埋式污水处理系统与人工湿地相结合的方法,将污水处理工艺与景观园林紧密结合,综合运用物理、化学、生物等手段对长桥溪流域内污水进行处理,从而减少该溪向西湖的污染物排放.工程经过两年运行,2006年其入湖湖水的TP、TN、NH4 -N和CODMn浓度分别降至0.067±0.041mg/L、3.54±1.23 mg/L、0.59±0.46mg/L和2.11±0.38mg/L,较2003年依次降低了88.5%、68.8%、89.1%和68.0%.     

Data-worth analysis for multiobjective optimal design of pump-and-treat remediation systems

The design and the management of pump-and-treat (PAT) remediation systems for contaminated aquifers under uncertain hydrogeological settings and parameters often involve decisions that trade off cost optimality against reliability. Both design objectives can be improved by planning site characterization programs that reduce subsurface parameter uncertainty. However, the cost for subsurface investigation often weighs heavily upon the budget of the remedial action and must thus be taken into account in the trade-off analysis. In this paper, we develop a stochastic data-worth framework with the purpose of estimating the economic opportunity of subsurface investigation programs. Since the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity is most often the major source of uncertainty, we focus on the direct sampling of hydraulic conductivity at prescribed locations of the aquifer. The data worth of hydraulic conductivity measurements is estimated from the reduction of the overall management cost ensuing from the reduction in parameter uncertainty obtained from sampling. The overall cost is estimated as the expected value of the cost of installing and operating the PAT system plus penalties incurred due to violations of cleanup goals and constraints. The crucial point of the data-worth framework is represented by the so-called pre-posterior analysis. Here, the tradeoff between decreasing overall costs and increasing site-investigation budgets is assessed to determine a management strategy proposed on the basis of the information available at the start of remediation. The goal of the pre-posterior analysis is to indicate whether the proposed management strategy should be implemented as is, or re-designed on the basis of additional data collected with a particular site-investigation program. The study indicates that the value of information is ultimately related to the estimates of cleanup target violations and decision makers’ degree of risk-aversion.     

基于梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT)的氨基生物炭覆盖沉积物-水界面铜、铅释放研究

湖泊沉积物的重金属污染防治一直是环境领域的热点问题.本研究采用氨基生物炭作为覆盖材料,利用梯度扩散薄膜技术(DGT),研究了上覆水不同pH及水流扰动条件下Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)在沉积物-水界面间的原位释放特征,以及氨基生物炭对湖泊沉积物重金属污染的原位修复效果.研究结果表明,在0r/min或100r/min水动力条件下,可移动态重金属离子有不断由沉积物向其他介质扩散的趋势,1.81kg/m²的氨基生物炭覆盖强度可降低Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)释放通量达89%以上,有效减小了水环境中重金属的潜在生态风险.在pH=5的酸性及pH=9的碱性水环境中原位修复效果较差,水体中大量的H+或络合物均会削弱氨基生物炭对重金属离子的吸附,当上覆水在pH=7的中性条件时原位修复效果最佳.100r/min水流扰动下的上覆水Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)含量在释放平衡时较0r/min条件下高出0.036～0.096μg/mL,说明高强度的水流扰动易造成覆盖材料的扬起和浮动,导致覆盖材料与重金属发生解吸.     

Environmental recovery in Sydney Harbour,Nova Scotia: Evidence of natural and anthropogenic sediment capping

Contaminants were assessed in Sydney Harbour during baseline and three years of remediation of a former coking and steel facility. Concentrations of PAHs; PCBs; and lead measured in surface sediments indicate overall spatial distribution patterns of historical contaminants remains unchanged, although at much lower concentrations than previously reported due to natural sediment recovery. Recovery rates were in broad agreement with predicted concentrations; or in some cases lower, despite remediation at the Sydney Tar Ponds (STP) site. Contaminants showed little temporal variability, except for detection of significant increases in PAH concentrations during onset of remediation compared to baseline which represented a short term interruption in the overall long term natural recovery of sediments in Sydney Harbour. Recovery (via “capping”) was enhanced following recent harbour dredging activities where less contaminated outer harbour sediments were discharged into a confined disposal facility (CDF) required for a new container in the inner harbour.     

Green and Eco‐Friendly Removal of Mycotoxins with Organo‐Bentonites; Isothermal,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

In the current study the application of organo‐modified bentonite for the adsorption of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, citrinin, patulin, and zearalenone) is presented. The modification of clays is carried out using benzyl‐tri‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide (BTB), benzethonium chloride (BTC), and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS). Various experimental parameters such as pH, time, adsorbent dose, and mycotoxins concentration are thoroughly studied. The modified clays (B‐BTB, B‐BTC and B‐DSS) are characterized by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results depicted the high detoxification efficiency (≈99%) of modified clays for the removal of mycotoxins under optimized conditions (pH 5, time: 30 min, adsorbent amount: 50 mg). The adsorption capacities of modified clays are found in the order of: B‐BTC (AFB1: 18.02, CIT: 18.35, PAT: 18.21, ZEA: 18.09 mg g^?1) > B‐BTB (AFB1: 17.7, CIT: 18.11, PAT: 17.95, ZEA: 17.90 mg g^?1) > B‐DSS (AFB1: 17.5, CIT: 18.02, PAT: 17.86, ZEA: 17.80 mg g^?1). The obtained results fitted well with thermodynamic, isothermal (Langmuir) and pseudo‐second order kinetics. Low cost organo‐modified bentonite shows the promise in mitigating mycotoxin contamination, which could improve food safety and reduce environmental contamination.