测绘技术服务于生猪养殖业环保整治的探讨

近年来,生猪养殖业陆续开展了生猪禁养工作。通过划定生猪禁养区域,对禁养区内的"散、小、乱"养猪场进行清拆和整顿,再引进大型现代化生猪养殖场来发展企业化、规范化的生猪养殖是整治工作的常见思路,需要精准的数据、科学的理论作为支撑。本文以广州市增城区为例,从生猪禁养范围图制作和专题数据统计两方面探讨了测绘技术在生猪养殖业环保整治工作中的应用。通过数据提取、缓冲区分析、叠加分析、面的差异运算、地图编制等测绘技术的综合应用,证实了其服务于生猪养殖业环保整治工作的实用性、高效性和科学性,为各省市开展生猪养殖业环保整治工作提供了翔实的参考资料。     

有机物污染的土壤治理方法及研究进展

污染土壤的修复已成为环境保护研究的一个重点。本基干有机物污染土壤治理的最新进展,介绍有机物污染土壤的物理、化学、生物、植物治理方法。并讨论了各种治理方法的最新动态与存在问题。     

贵广铁路甘棠江特大桥19、20号墩异常沉降原因分析及整治措施

2014年5月15日～9月1日期间,已建成的贵广铁路甘棠江特大桥19号墩基础产生了50.6~52.2 mm的异常下沉,20号墩基础产生了12.4~16.3 mm的异常下沉。现场补充完成了机动钻探、原位测试及室内试验工作。分析认为在多年强降雨条件下,深覆盖型岩溶强烈发育区的岩溶水水位波动产生潜蚀引起的岩溶塌陷,是导致该桥19、20号墩（采用摩擦桩基础,桩长约20 m）产生异常沉降的主要原因。对19、20号桥墩基底采取端承桩基础补强后,经过近2年的沉降观测,没有再发生异常沉降。文章认为在类似深覆盖型岩溶强烈发育区实施桥梁工程时,原则上应采用置于完整基岩内的端承桩基础。      

Electrokinetic retention, migration and remediation of nitrates in silty loam soil under hydraulic gradients

Contamination of groundwater by nitrates leaching from intensive agricultural and livestock operations have become a major concern for surrounding communities that use groundwater as their water supply. High levels of nitrate in drinking water poses a significant risk to human health, i.e., methaemoglobinaemia (“blue baby” syndrome).

The traditional pump-and-treat method is ineffective in medium to fine-textured agricultural soils due to the low hydraulic conductivity. This paper presents the results of a laboratory experiment investigating the feasibility of using electrokinetic treatment in retaining, accumulating, moving and remediating nitrates in a silty loam soil under hydraulic gradients.

A hydraulic gradient of 1.25 was applied to the horizontal soil columns to simulate a groundwater movement system. The study was performed in two stages. During the first stage of the experiment, the anode located at the inflow end of the columns was able to retard the movement of nitrates even under a hydraulic gradient of 1.25. After 15 days of flow, the effluent nitrate concentration in the control column rose to 90 mg l⁻¹ while no nitrates were detected in the effluent from columns subjected to the electrokinetic treatment.

After 15 days, the polarity of the electrodes was switched and this second stage lasted another 20 days. The cathode near the inflow end promoted the conversion of nitrates entering the column to other forms. The anode near the outflow end promoted the migration and accumulation of negatively charged nitrate ions towards the outflow end. By the 12th day, the nitrate concentrations in the electrokinetically treated columns were brought down to <5 mg NO₃-N l⁻¹. Electrokinetic treatment retarded nitrate movement against a hydraulic gradient of 1.25 and effectively restored a medium-textured soil contaminated with NO₃-N.

The NO₂-N level remained below 1 mg l⁻¹ throughout the experiment. The hydraulic conductivity varied between 1.0E–7 and 3.6E–7 m s⁻¹. The current requirement varied between 3 and 6 mA.     

小流域水污染治理示范工程——杭州长桥溪的生态修复

长桥溪是杭州西湖上游四大溪流之一.长桥溪生态修复工程利用长桥溪流域的微地貌和水动力作用,通过地埋式污水处理系统与人工湿地相结合的方法,将污水处理工艺与景观园林紧密结合,综合运用物理、化学、生物等手段对长桥溪流域内污水进行处理,从而减少该溪向西湖的污染物排放.工程经过两年运行,2006年其入湖湖水的TP、TN、NH4 -N和CODMn浓度分别降至0.067±0.041mg/L、3.54±1.23 mg/L、0.59±0.46mg/L和2.11±0.38mg/L,较2003年依次降低了88.5%、68.8%、89.1%和68.0%.     

安丘市建设用地整治挖潜探索与实践

安丘市针对建设用地,特别是农村居民点用地的利用现状,通过潜力调查,市委市政府制定措施,大力开展整治挖潜工作,既优化了用地布局、支持了新农村建设,改善了民生条件,又增加了有效耕地面积,缓解了建设用地压力,探索出了建设用地整治挖潜的成功之路。     

MICP技术联合多孔硅吸附材料对锌铅复合污染土固化/稳定化修复的试验研究

近年来,工业和科技的快速发展使得重金属污染土固化/稳定化的修复研究成为热点。运用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术联合吸附材料对锌铅复合重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化的修复,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,评价处理前后污染土的固化效果与重金属的稳定化效果,结合扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等检测手段,揭示MICP技术处理锌铅重金属污染土的修复机制。研究结果表明,采用MICP技术对锌铅重金属污染土进行固化/稳定化之后,可以有效降低污染土中有害重金属的浸出性。当矿化时间为10d时,试样无侧限抗压强度为942.5k Pa;铅的浸出浓度为4.20mg/L,比未处理时降低了44.81%;锌的浸出浓度为4.31mg/L,比未处理时降低了46.19%,效果显著。在此基础上,添加10%的多孔硅吸附材料后,试样无侧限抗压强度可达到1 021 kPa,强度提高了8.3%;铅的浸出浓度为2.45mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了67.81%,与单纯MICP方法处理时相比,铅浸出浓度被二次降低了41.67%;锌的浸出浓度仅为2.93 mg/L,与未经处理时相比,降幅达到了63.4%,与单纯...     

Stochastic management of pump-and-treat strategies using surrogate functions

Typical pump-and-treat (PAT) optimization problems involve design of pumping schemes, while minimizing cost and meeting a set of constraints. Due to scarcity of information about the hydrogeological system, stochastic modeling approaches can be used to assess tradeoffs between optimality and reliability. Using a stochastic approach, the constrained, single-objective problem may be turned into a multiobjective problem by substituting constraint inequalities with an additional objective function (OF) that accounts for the reliability of the PAT process. In this work, two approaches are analyzed: in one case, the additional OF consists of the probability of failure of a given remediation policy; in another, the OF additional is represented by the recourse, namely the penalty cost induced by the violation of constraints. In order to overcome the overwhelming computational cost required by stochastic simulation, surrogate forms of the OFs are introduced. In the test case under investigation, such functions are estimated by a kriging interpolation of the OF over a series of data points obtained from stochastic simulations of flow and transport, and calibrated against stochastic optimization solutions. The analysis of the two approaches for addressing the tradeoff of cost vs. reliability indicates that recourse accounts not only for the frequency of constraint violations, as the probability of failure does, but also for the intensity with which these occur. Ultimately, the recourse method allows considering less restrictive policies, although these may be highly sensitive to the choice of penalty functions.     

Green and Eco‐Friendly Removal of Mycotoxins with Organo‐Bentonites; Isothermal,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

In the current study the application of organo‐modified bentonite for the adsorption of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, citrinin, patulin, and zearalenone) is presented. The modification of clays is carried out using benzyl‐tri‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide (BTB), benzethonium chloride (BTC), and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS). Various experimental parameters such as pH, time, adsorbent dose, and mycotoxins concentration are thoroughly studied. The modified clays (B‐BTB, B‐BTC and B‐DSS) are characterized by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results depicted the high detoxification efficiency (≈99%) of modified clays for the removal of mycotoxins under optimized conditions (pH 5, time: 30 min, adsorbent amount: 50 mg). The adsorption capacities of modified clays are found in the order of: B‐BTC (AFB1: 18.02, CIT: 18.35, PAT: 18.21, ZEA: 18.09 mg g^?1) > B‐BTB (AFB1: 17.7, CIT: 18.11, PAT: 17.95, ZEA: 17.90 mg g^?1) > B‐DSS (AFB1: 17.5, CIT: 18.02, PAT: 17.86, ZEA: 17.80 mg g^?1). The obtained results fitted well with thermodynamic, isothermal (Langmuir) and pseudo‐second order kinetics. Low cost organo‐modified bentonite shows the promise in mitigating mycotoxin contamination, which could improve food safety and reduce environmental contamination.     

Environmental recovery in Sydney Harbour,Nova Scotia: Evidence of natural and anthropogenic sediment capping

Contaminants were assessed in Sydney Harbour during baseline and three years of remediation of a former coking and steel facility. Concentrations of PAHs; PCBs; and lead measured in surface sediments indicate overall spatial distribution patterns of historical contaminants remains unchanged, although at much lower concentrations than previously reported due to natural sediment recovery. Recovery rates were in broad agreement with predicted concentrations; or in some cases lower, despite remediation at the Sydney Tar Ponds (STP) site. Contaminants showed little temporal variability, except for detection of significant increases in PAH concentrations during onset of remediation compared to baseline which represented a short term interruption in the overall long term natural recovery of sediments in Sydney Harbour. Recovery (via “capping”) was enhanced following recent harbour dredging activities where less contaminated outer harbour sediments were discharged into a confined disposal facility (CDF) required for a new container in the inner harbour.