A modified EK method with an I<Superscript>−</Superscript>/I<Subscript>2</Subscript> lixiviant assisted and approaching cathodes to remedy mercury contaminated field soils

Wanshan mercury mine is the largest cinnabar deposit in Guizhou, China. Few effective methods had been achieved to remedy Hg heavily contaminated field soils. In this paper, a modified EK method with approaching cathodes (AC-EK) and an I⁻/I₂ lixiviant was described to remedy mercury-contaminated field soils near Wanshan mercury mine. Paddy Soil I and Paddy Soil II were sampled and contained 576.73 ± 45.50 and 491.35 ± 4.73 mg/kg Hg, respectively. Although they contained 6.9 and 9.4% organic matter respectively, more than 92 and 89% Hg were removed by AC-EK within 5 days. Removal ratio increased by 0.21 and 0.68 times using EK process with ACs over that with one single cathode (SC-EK). AC-EK method saved nearly 26.4–28.1% electric power as compared to SC-EK method. As an I⁻/I₂ lixiviant solution was used to solubilize HgS(HgO) during EK process, the bonding of Hg to organic functional S groups should be less important than the binding to inner sites of organic matter in soil. The relationship between EK remediation effect and soil organic matter content was fitted to a linear model. It turned out that when soil OM increased by 1.0%, EK removal ratio (%) of Hg would decrease by 2.63%.     

AB-DTPA提取法在重金属污染土壤修复模拟试验中的应用可行性

将碳酸氢铵-二乙三胺五乙酸(AB-DTPA)提取重金属生物有效态的方法应用于重金属污染土壤修复的模拟试验中,该土壤的污染元素主要是铜、锌和镉,试验所用修复材料是钠化膨润土。研究表明,AB-DTPA提取法具有很好的稳定性,而且能准确指示铜、锌、镉元素在土壤中的有效态含量,同时AB-DTPA对土壤中铜、锌、镉元素的提取率也适用于模拟试验中修复效果的平行对比。AB-DTPA提取法在重金属污染土壤修复模拟试验中的应用是可行的。     

Effects of hydrologic variability and remedial actions on first flush and metal loading from streams draining the Silverton caldera, 1992–2014

This study examined water quality in the upper Animas River watershed, a mined watershed that gained notoriety following the 2015 Gold King mine release of acid mine drainage to downstream communities. Water-quality data were used to evaluate trends in metal concentrations and loads over a two-decade period. Selected sites included three sites on tributary streams and one main-stem site on the Animas River downstream from the tributary confluences. During the study period, metal concentrations and loads varied seasonally and annually because of hydrologic variability and remedial actions designed to ameliorate the effects of acid mine drainage. Water-quality data were divided into two periods based on the timing of remedial activities in the watershed. The first period includes active water treatment, surface reclamation and installation of bulkheads in adits; the second period includes the decade following these activities. Water-quality data were used to estimate annual and monthly zinc loads using the Adjusted Maximum Likelihood Method (using LOADEST software) and U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data. This study presents one of the first applications of LOADEST focused on metal loads. Monthly flow-weighted concentrations were analysed using a Mann-Kendall trend test to determine the direction, magnitude, and significance of temporal trends in zinc loading in any given month and using t-test comparisons between the two periods. Zinc loads estimated for the Animas River below the tributaries indicate decreased zinc loading during the rising limb of the hydrograph in the second period, perhaps reflecting a reduction of snowmelt-derived zinc load following surface reclamation activities. In contrast, base-flow zinc loading increased at the main-stem site, perhaps because of the cessation of water treatment in tributary streams. Flow weighting of monthly load estimates yielded increased statistical significance and enabled more nuanced differentiation between the effects of hydrologic variability and remedial activities on zinc loading.     

青州市农村土地整治工作的实践与思考

农村土地整治已成为当前国土资源管理工作的热点,它综合了统筹城乡发展、城市反哺农村、工业反哺农业等工作,将多年的土地开发整理和复垦工作推到了一个新的高度,同时该项工作在开展过程中也存在一些不容忽视的问题。该文以青州市农村土地整治开展情况为例,进行了一些有益探索与思考。     

膨润土负载纳米铁镍同步修复地下水中三氯乙烯和六价铬复合污染

纳米零价铁原位注射修复地下水污染是近年发展的新技术,以往研究多侧重于单一目标污染物的去除效果及作用机理,但是地下水多种污染物共存问题不容忽视。本文针对典型污染物三氯乙烯TCE和六价铬Cr(Ⅵ),运用合成的活性高、稳定性强的膨润土负载纳米铁镍(B-Fe/Ni)开展修复实验,研究B-Fe/Ni对TCE和Cr(Ⅵ)共存复合污染的修复效果及其作用机制。通过一步法合成B-Fe/Ni,对TCE和不同浓度Cr(Ⅵ)混合污染的去除进行试验研究,对反应前后的样品B-Fe/Ni进行表征,并跟踪反应过程中TCE和Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度变化。结果表明:B-Fe/Ni同步去除水中TCE和Cr(Ⅵ)快速高效,50 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)在2 h内能被B-Fe/Ni (1 g/L)完全去除而不受共存TCE(0. 1 mmol/L)的影响,然而TCE降解速率会随共存Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度(0、10、30、50 mg/L)增大而降低。经透射电镜-电子能谱及X射线光电子能谱表征验证,这是由于B-Fe/Ni与Cr(Ⅵ)快速反应,生成部分Fe-Cr共沉淀会覆盖B-Fe/Ni表面的活性位点,抑制了TCE的降解,但通过分析TCE降解产物可知,B-Fe/Ni同样能对TCE完全脱氯。因此,B-Fe/Ni适用于地下水复合污染修复,实际应用时需考虑多种污染物共存的相互影响,选择适宜试剂用量和注射方式,这对纳米零价铁修复技术的发展具有重要理论意义和应用参考价值。     

栽种柳树修复镉污染土壤的研究

针对苏南地区土壤重金属污染现状,选取苏柳795、172两个品种柳树对苏锡常地区典型镉污染土壤进行植物修复去除重金属试验的盆栽和野外研究。盆栽试验结果显示,苏柳795一年可使污染土壤中Cd的质量分数平均降低16.3%,苏柳172一年使污染土壤中Cd的质量分数平均下降17.2%,柳树中各部分吸收土壤Cd的能力排序为：树根＞树皮＞树叶＞树枝＞树木。野外栽种苏柳795、苏柳172一年后的结果显示,种植柳树的土壤Cd含量较未种植柳树的空白土壤低约12%,其中柳树叶中Cd的生物富集系数BCF值高达10以上,比盆栽试验得到的柳树叶吸收土壤Cd的BCF值高出1倍以上。综合分析与测算后认为栽种苏柳795、苏柳172每年可提取土壤中Cd的总量大于12%,同时还能提取一定量的Zn,对原位修复我国南方农田土壤的镉污染具有广阔的应用前景     

航测技术在新泰市魏家河土地整治项目中的应用

以新泰市刘杜镇魏家河土地整治项目为例,阐述了航测技术在土地整治中的应用。与传统的测量技术相比,航测技术在土地整治项目中具有高效率、高精度等优势,未来将具有更广阔的应用前景。     

Application of APG and Calfax 16L-35 on surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene from kaolinite

Removal characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from low-permeable soil using a surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic (EK) process were investigated. Phenanthrene and kaolinite were selected as a representative PAH and a model soil. A nonionic surfactant, alkyl polyglucosides (APG), and an anionic surfactant, Calfax 16L-35, were used to enhance the solubility of phenanthrene. The two surfactants showed similar solubilization capacities for phenanthrene, while only APG was affected by sorption. When surfactants were applied to EK process, the electrical potential gradient was lower than that of water. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) decreased as the concentration of surfactant increased. In the case of APG, the removal efficiency of phenanthrene increased with the surfactant concentration. The APG micelles containing phenanthrene easily migrated to the cathode reservoir by EOF. On the other hand, Calfax 16L-35 did not enhance the removal efficiency even at the highest concentration, because most of Calfax 16L-35 remained in soil, and only small amount existed in effluent. It was thought that, during electrokinetic process, Calfax 16L-35 was adsorbed onto soil and the migration of the surfactant from cathode to anode was superior to EOF due to anionic charges of Calfax 16L-35. A nonionic surfactant, APG, seems to be suitable for surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic remediation.     

Ultrasonically enhanced electrokinetic remediation for removal of Pb and phenanthrene in contaminated soils

Electrokinetic and ultrasonic remediation technologies were studied for the removal of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in contaminated soils. The study emphasized the coupled effects of electrokinetic and ultrasonic techniques on migration as well as clean-up of contaminants in soils. The laboratory soil flushing tests combined electrokinetic and ultrasonic technique were conducted using specially designed and fabricated devices to determine the effect of both techniques. The electrokinetic technique was applied to remove mainly the heavy metal and the ultrasonic technique was applied to remove mainly organic substance in contaminated soil. A series of laboratory experiments involving electrokinetic and electrokinetic and ultrasonic flushing tests were carried out. Natural clay was used as a test specimen and Pb and phenanthrene were used as contaminants. An increase in out flow, permeability and contaminant removal rate was observed in electrokinetic and ultrasonic tests. Some practical implications of these results are discussed in terms of technical feasibility of in situ implementation of electrokinetic ultrasonic remediation technique.     

Test of experimental set-ups for electrodialytic removal of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd from different contaminated harbour sediments

Electrodialytic removal of heavy metals from different harbour sediments was investigated. Electrodialytic remediation experiments in laboratory scale were made with calcareous and non-calcareous harbour sediments. Two different experimental set-ups were used for the study, one with stirring of the sediment slurry, the other without stirring. The removal of heavy metals was highest in the non-calcareous sediment, where 94% Cd, 91% Zn and 73% Cu were removed after 24 days. The highest removal obtained for the calcareous sediment was 81% Cd, 76% Zn, 75% Pb and 53% Cu after 21 days, with stirred sediment slurry. Electrodialytic experiments without stirring of calcareous sediment gave high removals (84% Zn, 58% Pb and 48% Cu), but there were problems with precipitations in the sediment, which limited the removal. The stirred experiments gave the highest removals of heavy metals and the voltage was the most stable in these experiments, and thus, the stirred set-up is the best choice for experimental set-up. The order in which the heavy metals were removed from the harbour sediments was Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu.