西南地区某岩溶水库渗漏分析

西南地区某水库位于云贵高原中北部,库区可溶盐岩分布较广且岩溶较发育,中部有一条近南北走向的区域性断裂（F1）穿过两岸,为论证此水库成库的可能性,通过地表调查及物探,结果表明:此水库向低邻谷渗漏的可能性小,沿F1断裂带向南部或向下游渗漏的可能性问题不大,存在沿灰岩溶蚀通道向下游和向库外渗漏的可能性,沿左岸大理岩与灰绿岩接触带或大理岩向坝下游绕坝渗漏的可能性不大;水库正常蓄水位在Kc1底板高程以下有成库的可能。      

酒东盆地酒泉市区地热资源勘查开发前景再分析

酒东盆地是酒泉、嘉峪关两市所在地,据以往石油勘探和近年地热勘查资料分析,对控制地热资源的地质构造和地层结构条件重新再认识。基于酒泉周边地段地热井实施,因水温不高而制约和影响对地热资源的开发利用,本文通过地热井和物探勘查资料对比,明确了热储层位和水温不高的原因,揭示出市区地热开发有利地段。并认为地热勘查方法中可控源音频大地电磁和地震勘探方法较已往直流电测深对勘查目的热储层有更高分辩率和有效性。     

Optimizing dewatering design for a metro station on the Chengdu Metro Line 7

At present, most calculation results regarding foundation pit dewatering are ideal values, making construction resources prone to being wasted. In order to optimize the traditional pipe well design of large wells, the linear programming solution module in Excel is used, with the total water inflow taken as the objective function, the water level drawdown used as the constraint and test condition, and a station project on the Chengdu Metro Line 7 serving as the subject of this study. The total water inflow of the traditional pipe well design is optimized by the simplex method, producing a total water inflow of 4 040.65 m~3/d, which, compared with 4 829.79 m~3/d, the total water inflow calculated by means of the traditional design optimization method, engenders a reduction of roughly 16% per day. The feasibility of the optimization methodology is verified by the drawdown constraint, which reveals the decrease of construction costs and the diminution of the influence that the lowered groundwater level has on the surroundings of the metro station. Finally, references are provided as to optimizing the dewatering designs for other metro stations in similar engineering and hydrogeological conditions.     

城市规划对大气环境变化及空气质量的影响

采用北京大学三维复杂地形中尺度数值模式,利用Landsat-TM卫星影像图和"北京海淀区北部地区总体规划--用地规划图",分别模拟了北京海淀区北部规划完成后和目前情况下的气象场和大气环境,并分析了规划区的建成对本地和整个海淀区的影响.通过将观测的直径小于10 μm的粒子即PM10总量加权分配得到源强分布,计算海淀区的PM10浓度分布,在目前源强分布调查很困难的情况下不失为一种较为合理可行的方法.试验表明规划区的建成会增加当地和其下风方向的热岛强度和PM10浓度.对规划区进行较为合理的布局,如相对增加树木减少建筑物的面积将会缓和上述影响.     

益气和胃胶囊联合八段锦治疗慢性胃炎伴焦虑、抑郁50例

目的：探讨益气和胃胶囊联合八段锦治疗慢性胃炎（CG）伴焦虑、抑郁的疗效及其对炎症因子、免疫功能等的影响。方法：选取100 例CG伴焦虑、抑郁的患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法将其分为2组,每组各50 例。对照组行西医常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用益气和胃胶囊联合八段锦治疗。比较2组综合疗效、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分、患者免疫功能和炎症因子指标变化、不良反应及治疗后6个月生活质量。结果：总有效率治疗组为96.00%（48/50）,对照组为72.00%（36/50）,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;治疗前2组SAS与SDS评分、免疫功能及炎症因子指标比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,治疗后2组SAS、SDS评分较治疗前均明显下降,且治疗组治疗后SAS、SDS评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;治疗后2组CD3⁺、CD4⁺和CD4⁺/CD8⁺水平较治疗前显著提高,且治疗组升高幅度优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗后2组白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-7及转化生长因子（TGF）-β1水平较治疗前显著降低,且治疗组降低幅度大于对照组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;不良反应发生率治疗组为2.00%（1/50）,对照组为20.00%（10/50）,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;出院后6个月随访,生活质量（QOL-100）评分治疗组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论：在CG伴焦虑、抑郁的西医常规治疗基础上加用益气和胃胶囊联合八段锦治疗可改善患者焦虑、抑郁症状,提高免疫功能和生活质量,减少炎症反应和不良反应,值得临床推广。     

Towards Regional Synergy: Reconciling Rangeland Ecological Functioning with Forage Production of Cultivated Pasture

Animal husbandry and crop farming are specialized for development in separate areas on the Tibetan Plateau. Such a pattern of isolation has led to current concerns of rangeland and farming system degradation due to intensive land use. The crop-livestock integration, however, has been proven to increase food and feed productivity thorough niche complementarity, and is thereby especially effective for promoting ecosystem resilience. Regional synergy has emerged as an integrated approach to reconcile rangeland livestock with forage crop production. It moves beyond the specialized sectors of animal husbandry and intensive agriculture to coordinate them through regional coupling. Therefore, crop-livestock integration (CLI) has been suggested as one of the effective solutions to forage deficit and livestock production in grazing systems. But it is imperative that CLI moves forward from the farm level to the regional scale, in order to secure regional synergism during agro-pastoral development. The national key R & D program, Technology and Demonstration of Recovery and Restoration of Degraded Alpine Ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau, aims to solve the problems of alpine grassland degradation by building up a grass-based animal husbandry technology system that includes synergizing forage production and ecological functioning, reconciling the relationship between ecology, forage production and animal husbandry, and achieving the win-win goals of curbing grassland degradation and changing the development mode of animal husbandry. It is imperative to call for regional synergy through integrating ecological functioning with ecosystem services, given the alarming threat of rangeland degradation on the Tibetan Plateau. The series of papers in this issue, together with those published previously, provide a collection of rangeland ecology and management studies in an effort to ensure the sustainable use and management of the alpine ecosystems.     

Regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency analysis using the L‐moments method in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin,China

In this research, the regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is studied by the L‐moments method. The research area has been divided into three subregions (regions 1, 2 and 3), which have been identified as homogenous regions. The results of a goodness‐of‐fit test indicate that a generalized normal distribution is the optimal regional model for regions 1 and 2 whereas a generalized Pareto distribution is the optimal regional model for region 3. The return period analysis figures out that the maximum length‐of‐dry‐spell (MxDS) values increase from south to north in the southern part and increase from northeast to southwest in the northern part of the middle reaches of the YRB under different return periods. The increments of quantiles of dry spell under different return levels indicate that drought risk in region 1 is higher than that in regions 2 and 3. The analysis of the occurrence day of MxDS shows that MxDS mostly occurred during winter of 1998 and spring of 1999 in most stations during the considered period. By comparing summer MxDS events, it can be found that mean MxDS values have slightly increased in regions 1 and 2 during the last five decades. The maximum mean MxDS values appeared in the 2000s for regions 1 and 2 and in the 1990s for region 3. The atmospheric circulation shows that the positive anomaly centre in the west of North China, negative anomaly centre in the east of North China and the strong western Pacific subtropical high led to the decrease of precipitation in North China during the summer of 1997. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conditional statistics of Reynolds shear stress in flow over 2D dunes in the presence of surface waves

This study presents the analysis of the velocity fluctuations to describe the conditional statistics of Reynolds shear stress in flow over two‐dimensional dunes in the presence of surface waves of varying frequency. The flow velocity measurements over the dunes are made using a 16‐MHz 3D acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The joint probability distributions of the normalized stream‐wise and vertical velocity fluctuations at different vertical locations are calculated in the trough region of a selected dune in quasi‐steady region of the flow. Third‐order moments of the stream‐wise and vertical velocity components over one dune length are also calculated throughout the flow depth for understanding the effect of surface waves on relative contributions to the Reynolds shear stress due to the four quadrant events. The structure of instantaneous Reynolds stresses is analysed using quadrant analysis technique. It has been shown that the contributions of second and fourth quadrant events to the Reynolds shear stress increase with increase in the frequency of surface waves. In fact, the largest contribution to turbulent stresses comes from the second quadrant. The cumulant discard method is applied to describe the statistical properties of the covariance term u′w′. Conditional statistics and conditional sampling are used to compare the experimental and theoretical relative contributions to the Reynolds shear stress from the four quadrant events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of uncertainties in the hydrological response of a model‐based climate change impact assessment in a subcatchment of the Spree River,Germany

Climate change impact assessments form the basis for the development of suitable climate change adaptation strategies. For this purpose, ensembles consisting of stepwise coupled models are generally used [emission scenario → global circulation model → downscaling approach (DA) → bias correction → impact model (hydrological model)], in which every item is affected by considerable uncertainty. The aim of the current study is (1) to analyse the uncertainty related to the choice of the DA as well as the hydrological model and its parameterization and (2) to evaluate the vulnerability of the studied catchment, a subcatchment of the highly anthropogenically impacted Spree River catchment, to hydrological change. Four different DAs are used to drive four different model configurations of two conceptually different hydrological models (Water Balance Simulation Model developed at ETH Zürich and HBV‐light). In total, 452 simulations are carried out. The results show that all simulations compute an increase in air temperature and potential evapotranspiration. For precipitation, runoff and actual evapotranspiration, opposing trends are computed depending on the DA used to drive the hydrological models. Overall, the largest source of uncertainty can be attributed to the choice of the DA, especially regarding whether it is statistical or dynamical. The choice of the hydrological model and its parameterization is of less importance when long‐term mean annual changes are compared. The large bandwidth at the end of the modelling chain may exacerbate the formulation of suitable climate change adaption strategies on the regional scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.