Changing grading of soil: effect on critical states

Examples of situations are presented where the grading of a soil changes during its lifetime either by crushing of particles leading to an increase of fine material or by slow transport of fine particles with seepage leading to a decrease of fine material. Such grading changes influence the basic constitutive properties of the soil, in particular properties such as critical states which are dependent on the available range of densities of packing. Discrete element modelling is used to show the dependence of critical state conditions on grading and the way in which the particle assembly seeks out new critical state conditions as the grading changes.     

“城市区域”主义下的中国区域治理模式重构——珠三角城际铁路的实证

中国的区域治理模式长期以来呈现出阶段性演化的特征。特别是近些年,传统省-市分层设权的权力组织关系被动态的、反复连续性的博弈所取代。本研究借助政治经济学与人文地理学关于“国家空间再中心化”及组织社会学者的“行政发包制”理论,立足区域基础设施项目,即“珠三角城际铁路网”展开实证,系统分析其规划、建设及运营过程。并聚焦其中的事权与财权动态演变过程,解析省政府的角色定位和省市关系的演变等两大关键问题,揭示中国城市区域治理重构的内在逻辑。研究发现：一方面,省政府的角色定位由“分包商”和“协调者”逐渐转变为协调与发展并重的新角色定位;同时,省市关系由结构化的“行政发包”转化为多轮协商的动态博弈连续体。     

昆明城市气候水平空间分布特征

以昆明城市为研究对象，对城市西南-东北剖线的实测资料比较研究，从气温、水汽压、相对湿度、风速、风向等方面分析了昆明城市气候特征、变化规律及城市热岛效应。研究表明：在昆明存在热岛效应，以夜间最为明显，其最强度效应可达5.0℃，出现时刻（3时）与国内外多数研究结果（傍晚）有所不同；昆明城市昼间呈现明显的干岛效应。所得结论可为探讨昆明城市气候特片和形成机制，城市环境污染防治及建筑规划、设计等提供依据。     

始新世大洋环流模拟的模式依赖性

随着模式的复杂化和多元化发展, 国际上不仅组织了现代气候模拟的模式比较计划, 也开展了古气候模拟的比较计划。在模式比较计划中, 如何有效处理模式间的差异和剔除模式依赖性已成为重要问题。本项研究基于国际深时多模式比较计划(DeepMIP)中的始新世大洋环流模拟结果, 选取pCO₂倍增试验、模式参数化、古地理边界条件这3个案例, 深入分析模式依赖性如何影响古气候模拟结果和模式之间差异性, 归纳和总结古气候模拟研究中模式依赖性产生的可能原因。结果显示, 部分模式的关键变量对驱动因子响应过于敏感、模式参数化方案过于简单、模式中对古地理边界条件表达的欠准确性均可导致模式依赖性的产生以及模式之间显著差异。这表明在分析数值模式结果时, 需要参考多模式结果, 并特别关注模拟结果变化的各个环节, 从而减少模式依赖性的干扰, 增加模拟结果的准确性, 以便于更加准确认识气候环境演变过程。

     

中国西北地区干旱气侯学的新进展及其主要科学问题

回顾了“十五”期间中国西北地区干旱气侯学的进展。就遥感监测、西北干旱形成机制、西北地区年代际的气候变化、西北干旱新的强讯号、高原干旱气候生态作物适应性和西北干旱监测预测业务服务综合系统等方面所取得重要研究进展和学术成就,作了系统的回顾;并对21世纪初干旱气侯学的主要科学问题作了展望。     

Comparison of temperature extremes between Zhongshan Station and Great Wall Station in Antarctica

Although temperature extremes have led to more and more disasters, there are as yet few studies on the extremes and many disagreements on temperature changes in Antarctica. Based on daily minimum, maximum, and mean air temperatures(Tmin, Tmax, Tmean) at Great Wall Station(GW) and Zhongshan Station(ZS), we compared the temperature extremes and revealed a strong warming trend in Tmin, a slight warming trend in Tmean, cooling in Tmax, a decreasing trend in the daily temperature range, and the typical characteristic of coreless winter temperature. There are different seasonal variabilities, with the least in summer. The continentality index and seasonality show that the marine air mass has more effect on GW than ZS. Following the terminology of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR5), we defined nine indices of temperature extremes, based on the Antarctic geographical environment. Extreme-warm days have decreased, while extreme-warm nights have shown a nonsignificant trend. The number of melting days has increased at GW, while little change at ZS. More importantly, we have found inverse variations in temperature patterns between the two stations, which need further investigation into the dynamics of climate change in Antarctica.     

黑河中游荒漠绿洲农业适应气候变化技术研究

以我国第二大内陆河流域——黑河流域的中游荒漠绿洲为例,基于长期定位试验成果,研究了绿洲农业适应气候变化的技术及其潜力。结果表明,在田间水平上,垄沟灌溉种植、主栽作物与伴生植物混播种植、优化水肥管理、建立枣粮复合系统是绿洲农业适应气候变化的有效技术;在绿洲水平上,调整农业种植结构、加大农田林网规格和减少农田林网的灌溉次数、降低防风固沙体系中高耗水树种——杨树的比例等技术是应对气候变化的重要途径。综合评价结果表明,在黑河中游绿洲,通过推广上述技术,在不降低绿洲农业产值和不影响绿洲生态系统稳定性的前提下,初步估算每年可节水2.96×108m3,抵消了气温上升大约1℃所带来的蒸散发消耗量。     

江淮流域一次特大暴雨的数值模拟及动力分析

以周晓平研制的有限区域细网格数值模式为基础，编制成一个套网格模式，并对１９９１年７月２～３日发生在江淮流域的特大暴雨过程，进行了数值模拟和动力分析。结果表明：低空急流加强，输送了大量暖湿空气并激发强烈的上升运动是造成该区暴雨的主要原因；在该过程中，热成风平衡遭到破坏，其非热成风平衡部分伴随相应的二级环流，也有利于垂直运动的产生。     

1961-2008年中国西南地区极端气候变化幅度的海拔效应(英文)

A total of 12 indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation ex-tremes at 111 stations in southwestern China at altitudes of 285-4700 m were examined for the period 1961-2008. Significant correlations of temperature extremes and elevation in-cluded the trends of diurnal temperature range, frost days, ice days, cold night frequency and cold day frequency. Regional trends of growing season length, warm night frequency, coldest night and warmest night displayed a statistically significant positive correlation with altitude. These characteristics indicated the obvious warming with altitude. For precipitation extreme indices, only the trends of consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days, wet day precipitation and the number of heavy precipitation days had significant correlations with increasing alti-tude owing to the complex influence of atmospheric circulation. It also indicated the increased precipitation mainly at higher altitude areas, whereas the increase of extreme precipitation events mainly at lowers altitude. In addition, the clearly local influences are also crucial on climate extremes. The analysis revealed an enhanced sensitivity of climate extremes to ele-vation in southwestern China in the context of recent warming.     

黄土高原甘肃区降水变化与气候指数关系

基于黄土高原甘肃区34个气象站1961~2010年的逐日降水资料,结合线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall法和反距离加权插值等方法,对黄土高原甘肃区降水量时空变化进行分析,利用Morlet小波、交叉小波变换和小波相干谱分析其周期特征及其与太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）、厄尔尼诺/南方涛动（ENSO）指数相关关系。结果表明：研究区年降水量呈下降趋势,变化倾向率为-15.4 mm/10a,特别是20世纪90年代以来降水量下降趋势明显;就季节变化而言,降水量除冬季呈轻微增加外,其他各季均呈减少趋势,其中以秋季减少最为明显,其次为春、夏季。从空间分布来看,年降水量总体呈减少趋势,其东南地区降水量减少幅度高于西北部。研究区降水量存在2~3 a、4.3~5 a的年际振荡周期特征,呈现了同大尺度气候因子相似的变化特征;降水量与两大气候因子存在着多时间尺度的显著相关性,与PDO和ENSO存在5~5.6 a左右共振周期,位相谱月降水量变化位相比PDO和ENSO提前;低能量区降水量与PDO有3~3.5 a年的显著共振周期且接近同位相变化,与ENSO存在0~3 a和3~6 a呈负位相的共振周期。