多层递推平稳模型

通过对小概率事件历史样本作多层递推迭代，逐次改变引入样本数求取权函数，建立一种平稳统计模式。模式信息容量大，收敛快，克服了常规统计模式的局限性，在灾害性天气客观预报模型应用中取得了明显效果。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铀矿石尾渣标准物质中9种痕量元素

样品经ＨＦ－ＨＮＯ３－ＨＣｌＯ４分解，在２ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＮＯ３介质中，采用感耦等离子体光电直读光谱法对铀矿石尾标准物质中的Ａｓ、Ｂａ、Ｂｅ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ等和Ｓｎ进行定值分析。同一样品平行测定６次，其各元素的相对标准偏差在２％－１０％。分析结果均落在标准值的置信区间。     

硅酸盐氧同位素标样研制

本文介绍了硅酸盐氧同位素标准物质(SH和H)的研制。均匀性检验证实该标准物质是均匀的。该标准物质采用直接比较测量法标定,即直接与国际标准V-SMOW和SLAP进行比较。 国际标准水样采用CO_2-H_2O平衡法制备CO_2;石英标样采用BrF_5法制备CO_2。将六个定值实验室提供的数据统一处理后,获得SH和H的δ~(18)Ox/v-s_(MOW)值分别为11.11±0.06(‰)和-1.75+0.08(‰)。该标准物质于89年12月被国家技术监督局批准为国家一级标准物质,山阳石英标样(SH)统一编号为GBW04409,浒坑石英标样(H)为GBW04410。     

Assessment of episodic acidification in Sierra Nevada,California

Monte-Carlo simulations were used to assess the extent of shortterm alkalinity depressions occuring in Sierra Nevada lakes due to acidic deposition events. The Episodic Event Model (EEM) was used to simulate spring snowmelt events. Snow course data, precipitation data and lake acidification surveys were used to derive values for the EEM parameters. Spring snowmelt events were shown to have great impacts on the water quality of Sierran lakes. Lakes are likely to be most affected by the early-spring snowmelt event because the epilimnion depth is at a minimum, which indicates minimum dilution. Under annual average loading conditions, no Sierran lake has been reported as acidic although 29% of the lakes have alkalinities less than 40 µeq/L indicating a sensitivity to acidification. In simulations of early-spring snowmelt events, using present-day acidic loading conditions, it was estimated 79% ± 9% of the lakes would experience shortterm lake alkalinity depressions to levels less than 40 µeq/L. The results provided by the model simulations are valuable in establishing upper and lower limits on the extent of possible episodic acidification to lake-resources-at-risk. The most critical parameters controlling the magnitude of lake alkalinity depressions during snowmelt episodic events are a) the lake area to watershed area ratio — a measure of input loading, and b) the epilimnion volume — a measure of dilution and mixing.     

通量传输事件磁场的理论计算及其与观测的比较

根据涡旋诱发重联理论,对通量传输事件（FTEs）磁场分布特性作了计算.结果表明,卫星测到的FTEs的不同磁场分布形态,是取决于通量管的运动方向及卫星穿越通量管的部位.在北半球,当通量管由低纬向高纬（由南向北）直向运动时,不论卫星通过什么部位,绝大多数情况下观测到先正后负的B_x,变化（即正FTE）,个别部位观测到先负后正的B_x变化（即反FTE）;B_z是单峰分布形式,表现为V型、倒V型或是U型和倒U型.当通量管在x方向有正或负速度分量即斜向运动时,大部分部位测到的B_x呈不规则变化,B_z表现为双极分布.与61个FTEs的观测实例作了对比,理论计算与观测符合得较好.     

参考大气在中期天气预报和气候模拟中的应用

本文概述了根据应用参考大气概念提出的参考大气谱模式计算格式（或称静力扣除法）在国内外一些气象机构的中期天气预报、后处理和四维同化、以及气候模拟中的应用。计算表明，这种参考大气谱模式计算格式，能有效的减少截谱误差，明显地改进中期天气预报和气候模拟。     

图像获取条件对SPOT景像的影响

图像获取条件对ＳＰＯＴ景像的构成有极大影响，也直接影响对ＳＰＯＴ图像的处理方法。ＳＰＯＴ图像的辅助数据在解析或数字处理中有重要应用。本文对ＳＰＯＴ卫星与视点间的地心角、节距角ω卫星与视点的纬度差异、景像方位角Ｔ、景像尺寸和ＳＰＯＴ图像格网参考系统ＧＲＳ中（Ｋ，Ｊ）与（λ， Ｂ）换算公式进行了推证和分析，并以ＳＰＯＴ辅助数据验证了（Ｋ，Ｊ）与（λ，Ｂ）换算的精度。     

Earthquakes in the Czech Republic and Surrounding Regions in 1995–1999

In the time span from January 1995 to December 1999 the Czech National Seismological Network (CNSN), consisting of ten permanent digital broadband stations, several local networks and two data centers, detected and recorded 9530 regional natural seismic events, 27 greater than magnitude 2. Most of these events were located by the Czech Seismological Service (CSS), and the most prominent of them were analyzed in detail. A large number of quarry blasts were recorded as well but were not included in the analysis. We provide basic information on the configuration of the CNSN and on the way of routine data processing employed by the CSS in this paper. The over-all regional seismicity monitored by the CNSN in 1995–1999 is briefly reviewed. The main results of observations and evaluation of the local (NW-Bohemia/Vogtland, South Bohemia, Sudeten) and induced (Kladno, Píbram, Upper Silesia, Lubin/Poland) seismic activity within this period are presented in a condensed form. Finally, a summary on macroseismic observations on the territory of the Czech Republic in 1995–1999 is also presented.     

末次冰期东亚季风快速波动的模式与成因

通过对位于东亚季风区中东部与西部边缘的两个高分辨率黄土剖面记录的对比研究，发现它们不仅捕捉到了20个Dansgaard Oeschger事件与6个Heinrich事件，而且黄土记录与GRIP冰芯记录的这些快速气候波动基本上是同步的。暗示在整个末次冰期，东亚季风气候同样存在千年—百年尺度上的快速波动。所不同的是，西面的沙沟剖面对这些快速气候波动的反应比东面的王官剖面敏感。结合末次冰期中国黄土记录的先前研究结果，我们发现，自西向东Dansgaard Oeschger旋回的幅度逐渐变小，推测这主要是由西风与东亚夏季风共同作用所造成的。     

A numerically calibrated reference level (MP28) for the terrestrial mammal-based biozonation of the European Upper Oligocene

The fauna of the Enspel (Westerwald) and the neighbouring Kärlich (Neuwied basin) fossil deposits correspond to the Upper Oligocene Mammal Paleogene (MP) reference level 28 and 28–30, respectively. Basaltic flows and a trachyte tuff terminating and predating the fossil deposit sedimentation allow to numerically calibrate the MP reference levels by radioisotope dating. Laser fusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step heating on volcanic feldspars yield a time interval of 24.9–24.5 Ma for reference level MP28 at Enspel and a maximum age of 25.5 Ma for the time interval MP28–MP30 at Kärlich. Interpolation between the time intervals determined for the Enspel reference level MP28 and the age of the global Oligocene/Miocene boundary of 24.0 ± 0.1 Ma taken from literature results in time intervals of 24.5–24.2 Ma and 24.2–23.9 Ma for the younger reference levels MP29 and MP30, respectively. These intervals of ≤ 0.4 m.y. for MP reference levels of the latest Oligocene are short relative to older Oligocene MP reference levels 21–27 between 34 and 25 Ma. Since subdivision into MP reference levels essentially is based on assemblages of mammal taxa and on evolutionary changes in tooth morphology of mammals short MP time intervals during the latest Oligocene indicate a rapid evolutionary change relative to the early Oligocene.