Forest classification and impact of BIOMASS resolution on forest area and aboveground biomass estimation

The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently implementing the BIOMASS mission as 7th Earth Explorer satellite. BIOMASS will provide for the first time global forest aboveground biomass estimates based on P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. This paper addresses an often overlooked element of the data processing chain required to ensure reliable and accurate forest biomass estimates: accurate identification of forest areas ahead of the inversion of radar data into forest biomass estimates.The use of the P-band data from BIOMASS itself for the classification into forest and non-forest land cover types is assessed in this paper. For airborne data in tropical, hemi-boreal and boreal forests we demonstrate that classification accuracies from 90 up to 97% can be achieved using radar backscatter and phase information. However, spaceborne data will have a lower resolution and higher noise level compared to airborne data and a higher probability of mixed pixels containing multiple land cover types. Therefore, airborne data was reduced to 50 m, 100 m and 200 m resolution. The analysis revealed that about 50–60% of the area within the resolution level must be covered by forest to classify a pixel with higher probability as forest compared to non-forest. This results in forest omission and commission leading to similar forest area estimation over all resolutions. However, the forest omission resulted in a biased underestimated biomass, which was not equaled by the forest commission. The results underline the necessity of a highly accurate pre-classification of SAR data for an accurate unbiased aboveground biomass estimation.     

基于Roberts梯度与HIS色彩空间的SAR图像伪彩色编码

针对SAR灰度影像信息不丰富,不利于解译识别的问题,提出了一种基于Roberts梯度与HIS色彩空间的SAR图像伪彩色编码算法。首先,计算SAR图像的梯度图像,并确定梯度阈值T;然后,比较像素梯度与阈值的大小,大于阈值的像素按照Roberts梯度方法编码,否则按照基于HIS色彩空间方法编码;最后,对两种编码结果进行合成,得到最终伪彩色SAR图像。利用TerraSAR-X影像数据进行了实验验证,结果表明:本文研究的方法均能达到很好的伪彩色编码效果。     

适于窄线三维地震资料的面炮方法

用小孔径波动方程叠前深度偏移完成大面积数据的成像，不仅总的计算量较大，而且成像畸变较严重。为了进行大孔径波动方程叠前深度偏移，必须将实际的小孔径资料合成大孔径资料，并解决大孔径资料的成像方法。AMO等合成孔径方法，数据合成方式简单，但成像方法是近似的且较复杂。面炮方法从理论上讲数据合成方法较简单，成像方法是精确的且较简单，但其应用适用于远道振幅比近道弱很多的情况。在窄线三维地震资料情况，其联络测线方向不易满足面炮应用条件。针对这种情况，本文将最小二乘原理应用于波场成像，提出适用窄线三维地震资料的面炮方法。为了解三维波动方程叠前深度偏移的面炮方法解决复杂油气藏的可行性、所需计算资源和成像效果，我们利用大庆SW地区三维地震资料进行了实验研究。通过研究，我们获得了面炮方法的实际效果，获得了所需计算资源的测试数据。对实际效果的分析对比表明，面炮方法是一种三维波动方程叠前深度偏移的快速方法，有较好应用前景。     

Linear flow behaviour of matched joints – case study on standard JRC profiles

Roughness on rock joints produces a variable aperture across the joints and increases the flow path length. These conditions should be taken into account for a good approximation from cubic law. In this paper, the concept of local true aperture and tortuosity is applied to assumed joints where surfaces are matched to each other and correspond with standard Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) profiles. Furthermore, the hydraulic behaviour of JRC profiles is studied by a new laboratory experiment setup. The analytical approach provides new insights into the effects of roughness on hydraulic properties of rock joints. The results indicate that for a constant mechanical aperture, both the minimum local aperture and hydraulic aperture decrease with increasing JRC. Furthermore, tortuosity and standard deviation of local true aperture increase with JRC increment. The trend obtained between different parameters and JRC shows an obvious fluctuation for JRC lower than 10. On one hand, the results of this study along with a critical review of previous studies demonstrate that JRC profiles cannot present a precise roughness increment when JRC is less than 10. A new laboratory setup was designed to study the flow behaviour of JRC profiles. The results obtained from laboratory experiments under linear flow conditions validate the accuracy of the applied analytical method.     

直墙前矩形月池水波振荡研究分析

月池内流体存在活塞和晃荡两类振荡现象。基于线性势流理论,推导了波浪斜向入射下,直墙前矩形月池辐射和绕射问题的解析解。通过分离变量法和特征函数展开法求解了速度势函数,根据边界条件来确定速度势函数中的未知系数,由速度势函数计算斜向波与矩形月池相互作用的水动力系数和波浪激励力,对它们的变化规律进行了分析讨论,研究了底部开口大小、波浪入射角度对矩形月池水动力特性的影响以及直墙远近对波浪力的影响。结果表明,月池底部开口大小对流体水平作用的影响较小,而对流体垂直作用的影响较大;波浪入射角度的变化对矩形月池横荡和横摇运动时的水动力特性有一定的影响;在一定条件下,直墙的存在会使得月池在水平方向所受到的波浪力比开敞水域中的要大。     

基于高斯投影的矩形图廓算法及实现

大比例尺地图通常采用高斯-克吕格投影,标准分幅的地图图廓呈近似梯形。在应用中,一些专题地图,特别是专题地图集要求图廓为矩形,针对该需求,本文提出了一种高斯投影下地图矩形图廓坐标的计算方法,解决了矩形图廓不易计算的问题。实践证明,该方法能够满足精度需求,在专题地图制图中具有一定的价值。     

六边形格网的快速傅里叶变换

全球离散格网系统是支持多源地球空间数据融合处理的新型数据模型,傅里叶变换是联系其空域与频域的纽带,对以格网系统为框架的遥感图像的增强具有重要意义。根据三孔六边形格网剖分方案,设计了一种规则六边形格网单元组合结构,并将该结构空间域的二维离散傅里叶变换转化为可以用蝶形算法加速的标准一维变换。采用遥感影像进行实验验证,结果表明本文提出的快速傅里叶变换算法正确、高效,其复杂度为N log2N。随着数据量增大,效率以指数函数形式提高。     

合成孔径雷达反演黄海海面风场

基于后向散射系数反演高空间分辨率海面风场,采用谱方法确定风向,并利用CMOD4模式函数反演风速。以ERS-2 SAR黄海区域图像为例,反演海面风场,并将反演结果同QuikSCAT散射计对比,比较吻合,证明该方法在黄海区域的可行性。     

A Generalized Point Conforming Rectangular Plate Element

- A generalized point conforming rectangular element for plate bending is proposed. The present element displacement field can not only satisfy the continuity of normal displacement and its derivative at the element node, but also satisfy the generalized continuity at the middle point of each element boundary, where the generalized conforming condition is to make the non-conforming residual to be minimum. Numerical results show that the proposed element is more accurate than the ordinary 4-node non-conforming rectangular plate element (ACM element).     

两层流体中矩形箱浮体的附加质量和阻尼系数

研究了两层流体中矩形箱浮体的辐射问题。基于特征函数匹配理论,针对矩形箱浮体的三种振荡运动模式(横荡、垂荡和横摇),建立两层流体中矩形箱浮体辐射势的求解方法,导出矩形箱浮体附加质量和阻尼系数的计算公式。对所建立的求解模型进行了数值计算分析,结果表明在矩形箱浮体的某个振荡频率范围内,流体的分层效应对其附加质量和阻尼系数有显著影响的。