Quantifying changes of effective springshed area and net recharge through recession analysis of spring flow

The average flow of Silver Springs, one of the largest magnitude springs in Central Florida, declined 32% from 2000 to 2012. The average groundwater head in the springshed declined 0.14 m, and the spring pool altitude increased 0.24 m during the same period. This paper presents a novel explanation of the spring flow recession curve for Silver Springs using the Torricelli model, which uses the groundwater head at a sentinel well, the spring pool altitude and the net recharge to groundwater. The effective springshed area and net recharge (defined as recharge minus groundwater pumping and evapotranspiration) were estimated based on the observed recession slopes for spring flow, groundwater head and spring pool altitude. The results indicate that the effective springshed area continuously declined since 1989 and the net recharge declined since the 1970s with a significant drop in 2002. Subsequent to 2002, the net recharge increased modestly but not to the levels prior to the 1990s. The reduction in net recharge was caused by changes in hydroclimatic conditions including precipitation and air temperature, along with groundwater withdrawals, which contributed to the declined spring flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial and temporal variability of event runoff characteristics in a small agricultural catchment

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that control event runoff characteristics at the small catchment scale. The study area is the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory, Lower Austria. Event runoff coefficient (Rc), recession time constant (Tc) and peak discharge (Qp) are estimated from hourly discharge and precipitation data for 298 events in the period 2013–2015. The results show that the Rc and their variability tend to be largest for the tile drainages (mean Rc = 0.09) and the main outlet (mean Rc = 0.08) showing larger Rc in January/February and smaller Rc in July/August. Tc does not vary much between the systems and tends to be largest at the main outlet (mean Tc = 6.5 h) and smallest for the tile drainages (mean Tc = 4.5 h). Groundwater levels explain the temporal variability of Rc and Tc more than soil moisture or precipitation, suggesting a role of shallow flow paths.     

水量统一调度以来黄河内蒙古河段耗水量分析

黄河水量统一调度始于1999年3月,本次对1999-2011年黄河内蒙古河段引水和退水的年内、年际变化以及引排比关系进行了分析;利用遥感图片,核查了黄河干流石嘴山—头道拐河段的引退水口门;分别采用引退水法和水量平衡法计算了黄河内蒙古河段的引黄耗水量。结果表明:该研究时段内蒙古河套灌区退水量与引水量的比值平均为0.16,呈现逐年增大的趋势,引退水关系比较好,存在"大引大排"现象;引退水法年平均耗水量为75.44亿m3,年际变化相对比较平缓;水量平衡法年平均耗水量为56.72亿m3,年际变化非常明显;两种方法耗水量差别明显的原因之一是颁证引退水口门与实际引退水口门数量不相同。     

Regional daily baseflow prediction

The purposes of this study are to identify the bias of applying the analysis of a log–log plot of baseflow and to derive an equation to describe successive regional mean baseflow. The function ?dQ/dt = a Q^b has been used to describe baseflow in many studies that obtain the values of a and b from the log–log plot. According to analysis in this study, the value of 1 can be assigned to b in two boundary conditions, but the parameter a is proved to be related to the depth of water table and starting time of recession and thus different values of a may be found for different recession events. This paper points out that no single regression line can be obtained by plotting all baseflow data on a log–log diagram. Instead, there should be parallel lines, and each for a recession event. It implies that no single set of parameters a and b can be applied to predict baseflow. Thus, a new equation describing the relationship between three successive mean baseflows was derived in this study. The bias in the analysis of the log–log plot and the ability of the derived equation to predict baseflow were verified for five watersheds in Taiwan. Results indicate that the formula of mean baseflow prediction can provide reasonable estimates of flows with a leading time of 6 days. Furthermore, stream flows of the Tonkawa creek watershed in USA were used to verify that using average flows can result in better predictions than using instantaneous flows. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composition and origin of a lithalsa related to lake‐level recession and Holocene terrestrial emergence,Northwest Territories,Canada

Lithalsas of the Great Slave Lowland, Northwest Territories, occur within fine‐grained glaciolacustrine, lacustrine, and alluvial deposits. Detailed investigations of a lithalsa revealed that it is composed of ice‐rich sediments with ice lenses up to 0.2 m thick below 4 m depth. The observed ice accounted for about 2 m of the 4 m between the top of the lithalsa and adjacent terrain. The ice is isotopically similar to modern surface water, but enriched in δ¹⁸O relative to local precipitation. Total soluble cation concentrations are low in the basal, Shield‐derived and unweathered glaciolacustrine sediments of the lithalsa. Higher concentrations in the overlying Holocene‐aged lacustrine and alluvial deposits may be due to greater ion availability in Holocene surface waters. Increasing Cl^‐ and Na⁺ concentrations in clays at depth likely relate to exclusion and migration of these dissolved ions in pore water during ice lens formation though total soluble cations remain comparatively low. The lithalsa developed 700 to 300 cal yr BP. A conceptual model of lithalsa formation and landscape evolution illustrates that this feature and more than 1800 other lithalsas in the region have developed in association with Holocene terrestrial emergence following lake‐level recession. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖水位变化规律的研究

根据都昌水位站１９５３￣１９９２年水位资料,对鄱阳湖水位的基本特征、退水过程及演变趋势进行了统计分析,在此基础上指出鄱阳湖开发利用中面临的主要问题和水位变化对鄱阳湖生态环境可能造成的影响。     

Simple procedure to simulate karstic aquifers

A procedure to simulate karstic aquifers is presented. It is based on a simulation of spring discharge using precipitation and, where necessary, temperature as input data. The karstic aquifer system is considered to be divided into three zones: the surface zone, the unsaturated zone (UZ) and the saturated zone (SZ). Each of these is described by a transfer function that determines the water supplied from the overlying zone. Water loss through evapotranspiration is calculated empirically and subtracted from the total precipitation in order to obtain the effective infiltration into the UZ. The transfer function characterizing the UZ can be expressed as a convolution function. The UZ acts as a buffer, delaying effective infiltration into the SZ. Water discharge from the SZ is described by the recession function of the spring, and this becomes the transfer function that characterizes the emergence of water from the SZ. The model permits the simulation of the influence of pumped abstractions from the system by a simple modification of the transfer functions involved. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field application of a numerical method for the derivation of baseflow recession constant

In an earlier paper (Bako and Hunt, 1988), a method for the derivation of the baseflow recession constant (K) using one-way analysis of variance was presented. This paper presents the results of the field application of this method. The K values obtained by using the numerical equation of Bako and Hunt (1988) were inserted in the exponential recession equation (Barnes, 1939) to generate a series of baseflows. The fit between the model and the historical flows was found to be greater than 99 per cent thus confirming the applicability of the numerical method under field situation. The main advantage of this technique is its amenability for computerized application thus making it relatively faster than any of the existing techniques of fitting the recession equation. For this reason, the subjectivity inherent in most of the existing techniques is eliminated and a measure of procedural consistency can be guaranteed. Consistency is necessary if intercatchment comparison or interpolation of K values is to be meaningful.