苏州市一次重霾污染天气过程的数值模拟

本文对苏州地区2015年12月13—15日发生的一次典型的重霾污染天气过程进行了数值模拟,分析了颗粒物及其组分的时空变化特征及其气象影响因子,以期为该区域空气污染治理和预防提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)利用WRF-Chem模式对此次重霾污染天气过程的污染气体成分进行数值模拟后发现,小时平均的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、SO_2、NO_2模拟值与实测值的相关系数较高,达到0.68以上,通过了P0.01的显著性检验,且日变化过程对应也较好。(2)通过分析此次污染过程的天气背景,发现污染形成期高空环流比较平直,中层为均匀的弱高压控制,地面受弱高压脊控制,这种形势容易导致颗粒物的堆积。后期地面等压线密集时,风速大,有利于污染物的输送与扩散。(3)通过分析此次污染过程期间气象要素的变化发现,有逆温、风速小、相对湿度大等不利的气象条件是导致此次污染过程发生的重要原因之一。(4)HYSPLIT轨迹分析显示,此次重霾过程主要受北方大范围灰霾颗粒物南下影响,北方污染气团逐步南推,14至15日本地大气扩散条件差、污染物累积,最终导致本地污染加重,从而发生重霾事件。(5)火点图的分布进一步验证了此次重霾污染过程是由外来污染气团输入所导致。     

高黏性铝土矿放矿流动性试验与微观力学研究

根据中铝洛阳铝矿实际情况,结合放矿力学理论、室内相似试验和离散元数值模拟技术,从宏观和微观两方面深入地研究了矿仓放矿机制以及影响矿石流动性的主要因素。颗粒流数值模拟再现了放矿过程中矿石颗粒间以及颗粒与仓壁间相互作用力的动态变化过程。根据研究结果,设计了一种全新的仓内悬垂式振动助流器,并进行了现场试验,取得了很好的助流效果。它不但很好地改善了矿石流动性,解决了困扰洛阳铝矿几十年的矿仓堵塞、卡斗、起拱问题,优化了矿石和仓壁间的力学关系,减小了仓壁所受的动态接触压力,而且也大幅提高了矿仓放矿效率及生产安全系数,降低了工人的劳动强度。     

砾石覆盖紫色土坡耕地水文过程

紫色土中砾石分布广泛,地表常为砾石覆盖,砾石覆盖对土壤水文过程有着重要影响。试验小区(2 m×1 m)为坡度23°的坡耕地, 试验降雨强度为(53.9±2.8)mm/h、 (90.8±6.1)mm/h和(134.3±14.9)mm/h, 砾石覆盖度为0%,11%,20%,33%和42%。通过原位人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了不同降雨强度下砾石覆盖对降雨入渗、地表产流及壤中流产流的影响。结果表明:砾石覆盖对入渗过程影响显著,稳定入渗速率及稳定入渗系数与砾石覆盖度呈正相关关系,3种降雨强度下,稳定入渗系数分别为47.70%~86.59%,30.61%~82.83%、17.76%~77.44%,42%砾石覆盖度小区的稳定入渗速率分别是裸露小区的1.95~4.94倍;地表砾石覆盖延迟地表产流、减少地表径流量,地表产流时间随着砾石覆盖度的提高呈增加趋势,地表径流速率及地表径流系数随砾石覆盖度的增加而降低,相对地表径流系数与地表砾石覆盖度呈指数负相关关系;地表砾石覆盖促进壤中流的发生、增加壤中流量,壤中流产流时间随着砾石覆盖度的增加逐渐缩短,壤中流径流速率及壤中流径流系数随地表砾石覆盖度的增加而提高,相对壤中流径流系数与地表砾石覆盖度呈指数正相关关系。     

Implementation of online model updating in hybrid simulation

Hybrid simulation combines numerical and experimental methods for cost‐effective, large‐scale testing of structures under simulated earthquake loading. Structural system level response can be obtained by expressing the equation of motion for the combined experimental and numerical substructures, and solved using time‐stepping integration similar to pure numerical simulations. It is often assumed that a reliable model exists for the numerical substructures while the experimental substructures correspond to parts of the structure that are difficult to model. A wealth of data becomes available during the simulation from the measured experiment response that can be used to improve upon the numerical models, particularly if a component with similar structural configuration and material properties is being tested and subjected to a comparable load pattern. To take advantage of experimental measurements, a new hybrid test framework is proposed with an updating scheme to update the initial modeling parameters of the numerical model based on the instantaneously‐measured response of the experimental substructures as the test progresses. Numerical simulations are first conducted to evaluate key algorithms for the selection and calibration of modeling parameters that can be updated. The framework is then expanded to conduct actual hybrid simulations of a structural frame model including a physical substructure in the laboratory and a numerical substructure that is updated during the tests. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated for a simple frame structure but is extendable to more complex structural behavior and models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纵横波独立成像的弹性波逆时偏移方法

本文采用逆时递推,在空间域完成纵横波分离,同时实现了位移场成像和纵、横波的独立成像。模拟数据与实际资料试算表明,对纵波和横波分别成像不仅有理论意义,而且有明显的应用价值。文中还就偏移速度对成像结果的影响和实际资料的预处理问题进行了讨论。     

Modelling the effect of changing precipitation inputs on deep soil water utilization

Forests in the Southeastern United States are predicted to experience future changes in seasonal patterns of precipitation inputs as well as more variable precipitation events. These climate change‐induced alterations could increase drought and lower soil water availability. Drought could alter rooting patterns and increase the importance of deep roots that access subsurface water resources. To address plant response to drought in both deep rooting and soil water utilization as well as soil drainage, we utilize a throughfall reduction experiment in a loblolly pine plantation of the Southeastern United States to calibrate and validate a hydrological model. The model was accurately calibrated against field measured soil moisture data under ambient rainfall and validated using 30% throughfall reduction data. Using this model, we then tested these scenarios: (a) evenly reduced precipitation; (b) less precipitation in summer, more in winter; (c) same total amount of precipitation with less frequent but heavier storms; and (d) shallower rooting depth under the above 3 scenarios. When less precipitation was received, drainage decreased proportionally much faster than evapotranspiration implying plants will acquire water first to the detriment of drainage. When precipitation was reduced by more than 30%, plants relied on stored soil water to satisfy evapotranspiration suggesting 30% may be a threshold that if sustained over the long term would deplete plant available soil water. Under the third scenario, evapotranspiration and drainage decreased, whereas surface run‐off increased. Changes in root biomass measured before and 4 years after the throughfall reduction experiment were not detected among treatments. Model simulations, however, indicated gains in evapotranspiration with deeper roots under evenly reduced precipitation and seasonal precipitation redistribution scenarios but not when precipitation frequency was adjusted. Deep soil and deep rooting can provide an important buffer capacity when precipitation alone cannot satisfy the evapotranspirational demand of forests. How this buffering capacity will persist in the face of changing precipitation inputs, however, will depend less on seasonal redistribution than on the magnitude of reductions and changes in rainfall frequency.     

导水裂隙带高度预测途径探讨

导水裂隙带高度是设计防水煤（岩）柱尺寸的主要技术参数，是煤矿防治水工作的重要内容。详细论述了其研究现状及发展趋势，并提出了履岩体地质环境，履岩体力学环境和数值模拟技术三位一体的综合预测评价方法。     

基于社交媒体数据的城市人群分类与活动特征分析

空间信息技术已开始进入全空间信息系统发展阶段,即将空间信息系统的范畴从传统测绘空间扩展到宇宙空间、室内空间、微观空间等可量测空间。位置大数据不仅是全空间信息系统的重要研究对象之一,而且也成为了广域全空间中了解人们生活方式以及城市动态变化的一种有效途径。本文基于社交媒体数据中的位置签到数据,提出一种不同于传统以社会经济属性为依据的城市人群分类方法。首先利用签到数据的时间序列构造矩阵模型;然后,通过分析用户签到活动的时间特征,采用K-means聚类算法和K近邻算法（K-NN）识别出具有不同时空行为特征的城市人群（静态居民、动态居民、通勤者以及访问者）;最后,本文根据得到的人群分类结果,通过分析不同类型人群的时空间行为特征,发现不同类型人群时空间行为的差异性与潜在规律性,从而为表征城市人群的组成结构及特征,研究城市时空结构提供一种新的视角。     

东太平洋多金属结核中铁、锰元素的分形演化及其意义

运用分形理论,通过建立不同的相空间,计算了东太平洋多金属结核中的铁、锰元素的时间序列在各相空间中的关联分维,并与其在沉积物岩心中的关联分维进行了对比.通过研究发现,多金属结核中铁、锰元素和沉积物中Fe₂O₃及MnO在分形演化过程中均存在分维吸引子,认为沉积物中的Fe₂O₃和MnO可以用3个变量来描述,它们可能代表了火山、生物和陆地的三种来源,而描述结核中的铁、锰元素却需要14个变量,反映多金属结核中铁、锰元素的来源和/或赋存非常复杂,至少有14个因素在起作用,可能暗示了结核在形成过程中存在复杂的生物化学作用,为多金属结核的生物成因提供了间接的数学证据,同时也合理解释了结核生长结构所具有的自相似韵律现象.