一种缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层胶结指数m计算新方法

碳酸盐岩储集空间类型多样、孔隙结构复杂,具有很强的非均质性,使得传统的阿尔奇公式应用效果不佳,主要原因之一在于胶结指数m的无法准确确定.基于多孔介质理论,在深入分析不同孔隙空间对储层导电贡献外,进一步考虑了孔隙形态对导电性能的影响,尤其是裂缝倾角,进而给出了全新的计算胶结指数m的方法,并深入剖析组成碳酸盐岩复杂孔隙空间的各部分对胶结指数m的影响.认为对于物性较差的缝洞型储层,裂缝倾角对胶结指数m的影响很大,当裂缝角度较小时,裂缝会使胶结指数m变小,而当裂缝角度较大时,裂缝反而会使胶结指数m变大;当储层物性很好时,裂缝倾角的影响则可以忽略.实际应用表明,利用基于裂缝倾角的多孔介质模型得到的胶结指数m所计算的含水饱和度精度相比传统方法有较大提高,且该方法适用于任何类型的储层,具有很好的应用性.     

Unsupervised hydrologic classification of rivers: Watershed controls on natural and anthropogenic flow regimes,Alabama, USA

Watershed hydrology has often focused on modelling studies of individual watersheds, which consider each river system as unique. Classification is an alternative approach that instead focuses on the similarities among different watersheds. Although both supervised and unsupervised hydrologic classifications have been developed, few previous studies have used classification to assess the degree of anthropogenic modification of hydrologic regime. Here, we conducted an unsupervised hydrologic classification of 189 U.S. Geological Survey gages, including 41 minimally impacted gages from the Hydro‐Climatic Data Network (HCDN), in the five major interstate river basins in the U.S. state of Alabama. For the natural classification, the most significant predictor variables for cluster membership were related to compressive strength of bedrock, bedrock depth, hydraulic conductivity, elevation, temperature, and soil texture, and several land‐cover variables were also significant in the anthropogenic classification. We then developed two random‐forest models: one based on all 189 gages using both natural and anthropogenic variables from the Stream‐Catchment (StreamCat) dataset and one based on the 41 HCDN gages using natural StreamCat variables only. We used the random‐forest models to predict natural and anthropogenic normative hydrologic class for over 158,000 National Hydrography Dataset Plus catchments in the study area. Catchments that changed their class between the natural and anthropogenic classifications can be identified as those that have a large amount of anthropogenic influences on their hydrologic regime, including many catchments on the coast, in the north‐western Coastal Plain, in the Interior Low Plateaus, and in the Piedmont. Using unsupervised hydrologic classifications is a promising approach for uncovering the physical processes that affect hydrologic regime. There are also potential applications in river management, including predicting the hydrologic behaviour of ungaged watersheds, identifying relatively unimpaired rivers to serve as conservation and restoration targets, and regionalization of environmental instream flow standards and climate‐change impacts.     

代县地电阻率降雨影响及数值模拟

多年观测数据表明,代县地电阻率年变受降雨影响比较显著,通过褶积滤波法获取降雨量对视电阻率的影响值,定量分析降雨与视电阻率的相关性。在此基础上,利用代县地电阻率电测深数据及相关地质资料,建立三维有限元模型,模拟降雨对地电阻率的影响,进一步确定降雨对视电阻率影响的物理机制。结果表明:降雨是造成代县地电阻率年变的主要因素,且与视电阻率呈正相关性;降雨造成表层介质含水饱和度发生变化,使得相应电阻率下降近10倍,从而引起地电阻率年变幅度发生近1/10的改变。     

矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响

震电测井的现场试验中测得电磁首波幅值大于伴随电场幅值,这种情况在前人的理论模拟和模型井测量中从未出现.本文研究矿化度界面对震电测井波场的影响,基于Pride方程和边界连续条件模拟了震电测井波场,其中井外孔隙地层可以视为均匀的或者是径向分层的.计算结果表明:对于均匀孔隙地层,当井内流体矿化度大于井外地层孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;井内流体矿化度与井外地层孔隙流体矿化度的比值越大,电磁首波相对伴随斯通利波的电场的幅值越大.对于径向分层地层,当井内流体矿化度大于内层地层的孔隙流体矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;当外层地层矿化度小于内层地层矿化度时,电磁首波幅值可以比伴随斯通利波的电场幅值还大;增加内层地层厚度,电场全波幅值减小,电磁首波相对伴随电场的幅值减小.本文的模拟结果表明,震电测井中确实会出现电磁首波幅值比伴随电场幅值还大的情况,这对于解释震电测井的测量结果具有指导意义.     

Low-frequency anisotropy in fractured and layered media

Computing effective medium properties is very important when upscaling data measured at small scale. In the presence of stratigraphic layering, seismic velocities and anisotropy parameters are scale and frequency dependent. For a porous layer permeated by aligned fractures, wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can also cause significant dispersion in velocities and anisotropy parameters. In this study, we compare the dispersion of anisotropy parameters due to fracturing and layering at low frequencies. We consider a two-layer model consisting of an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce anisotropy parameters dispersion due to fractures (meso-scale) in the sand layer. This intrinsic dispersion is added to anisotropy parameters dispersion induced by layering (macro-scale) at low frequencies. We derive the series coefficients that control the behaviour of anisotropy parameters at low frequencies. We investigate the influences of fracture length and fracture density on fracturing effect, layering effect and combined effect versus frequency and volume fraction of sand layer. Numerical modelling results indicate that the frequency dependence due to layering is not always the dominant effect of the effective properties of the medium. The intrinsic dispersion is not negligible compared with the layering effect while evaluating the frequency-dependent properties of the layered medium.     

A prediction model for frequency spectrum of blast‐induced seismic wave in viscoelastic medium

A prediction model for frequency spectrum of blast‐induced seismic waves is established. The effect of explosive sources is considered in this model. Our model implies that the frequency spectrum of blast‐induced seismic wave is mainly influenced by the initial pressure and the adiabatic exponent of explosives. The dominant frequency increases with the decreasing of initial pressure or the increasing of adiabatic exponent. In addition, this prediction model is verified by the experiment. The error of the dominant frequency is 4%–6%. It is indicated that the proposed model in this paper can reasonably predict the frequency spectrum of blast‐induced seismic waves, and then, we can provide a better frequency spectrum by optimizing the explosion source.     

内蒙古中西部地区震源参数研究

选取内蒙古测震台网2009—2016年内蒙古中西部M_L≥2.8中小地震波形记录,采用多台联合反演方法,计算该区中小地震震源谱参数,获得地震矩M₀、矩震级M_W、应力降Δσ和震源尺度r,利用线性回归,分析近震震级M_L、地震矩M₀、矩震级M_W、应力降Δσ和震源尺度r之间的关系。结果表明,各参数之间存在一定线性关系,内蒙古中西部地区应力降模型为增加应力降模型（ISD）。     

Joint facies and rock properties Bayesian amplitude‐versus‐offset inversion using Markov random fields

Seismic reflection pre‐stack angle gathers can be simultaneously inverted within a joint facies and elastic inversion framework using a hierarchical Bayesian model of elastic properties and categorical classes of rock and fluid properties. The Bayesian prior implicitly supplies low frequency information via a set of multivariate compaction trends for each rock and fluid type, combined with a Markov random field model of lithotypes, which carries abundance and continuity preferences. For the likelihood, we use a simultaneous, multi‐angle, convolutional model, which quantifies the data misfit probability using wavelets and noise levels inferred from well ties. Under Gaussian likelihood and facies‐conditional prior models, the posterior has simple analytic form, and the maximum a‐posteriori inversion problem boils down to a joint categorical/continuous non‐convex optimisation problem. To solve this, a set of alternative, increasingly comprehensive optimisation strategies is described: (i) an expectation–maximisation algorithm using belief propagation, (ii) a globalisation of method (i) using homotopy, and (iii) a discrete space approach using simulated annealing. We find that good‐quality inversion results depend on both sensible, elastically separable facies definitions, modest resolution ambitions, reasonably firm abundance and continuity parameters in the Markov random field, and suitable choice of algorithm. We suggest usually two to three, perhaps four, unknown facies per sample, and usage of the more expensive methods (homotopy or annealing) when the rock types are not strongly distinguished in acoustic impedance. Demonstrations of the technique on pre‐stack depth‐migrated field data from the Exmouth basin show promising agreements with lithological well data, including prediction accuracy improvements of 24% in and twofold in density, in comparison to a standard simultaneous inversion. Much clearer and extensive recovery of the thin Pyxis gas field was evident using stronger coupling in the Markov random field model and use of the homotopy or annealing algorithms.     

主动震源在中国区域尺度及水库地震监测中的应用

综述精密可控震源与陆上气枪2种主动震源特性及在国内区域尺度上的应用,估算观测介质波速随时间变化的精度,探讨主动震源在构建水库地震观测介质波速随时间变化中的系统应用。     

Elastic properties of sands,Part 1: Micro computed tomography image analysis of grain shapes and their relationship with microstructure

Elastic properties of an unconsolidated sand are largely dependent on the elastic properties of its constituent grain and the micro-structure that defines how the grains are arranged within themselves. Coordination number, that is the average number of contacts a grain has with its neighbours, and contact surface area are the two parameters closely related to the microstructure. Moreover, grain shapes and sorting also have substantial influence on these parameters. To calculate these parameters and find any potential relationships with the shape factors, we acquire high-resolution micro computed tomography images of four mechanically compacted unconsolidated dry sand samples that are of different shape factors and sorting indices. After a comprehensive voxel-based data processing, we calculate shape factors such as sphericity and roundness of each grain in all samples. Using own algorithm, we then calculate the coordination number and contact surface area. Results show that samples of well-sorted and higher spherical and rounded grains have higher coordination number and contact surface area than the samples of poorly sorted and lower spherical and rounded grains. Among the poorly sorted samples, coordination number is largely dependent on the fraction of larger grain sizes present in the sample. Inside any given sample, grains of lower sphericity tend to have higher coordination numbers. Moreover, more spherical and rounded grains have greater contact surface area with their neighbours.