Scale‐dependency of hydraulic conductivity: an example from Thorne Moor,a raised mire in South Yorkshire,UK

The hydraulic conductivity (K) of many low permeability materials is strongly scale‐dependent. In raised mires and other types of peat deposit the effects of features such as abandoned infilled ditches, root holes and localized woody material, cause K to be heterogeneous and scale‐dependent. Despite this, field measurements are routinely made using auger hole (slug) tests at the scale of only a few tens of centimetres. Such measurements are locally valid, but where the regional subsurface movement of water through peat bogs is simulated using groundwater models, typically at the scale of hundreds of metres, they give rise to a systematic underestimate of flows and an overprediction of water table elevations. Until now, techniques to obtain values at a scale sufficiently large to include the effects of localized features of higher permeability have not been applied routinely. Research at Thorne Moor, a large raised mire, demonstrates that the K of peat varies over several orders of magnitude when measured at different scales, using a variety of techniques. Laboratory and auger hole tests cannot be relied upon to provide results that represent the hydraulic conductivity of large expanses of peatland. This has significant implications for the management and long‐term restoration of peatlands where both regional and local control of water levels is crucial. For groundwater models to be used successfully to plan such schemes, it is essential to apply the K values relevant to the scale of the simulation. This paper describes and tests novel techniques, using ditches, for the derivation of K at large scales which overcome many of the problems that have been identified with conventional techniques and are capable of producing estimates that are appropriate to the application of physically based regional flow models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

白洋淀台田沟渠水生植物蔓延分布特征

湖泊植物群落的形成和分布由水文和水质共同决定.以白洋淀台田沟渠内水生植物为研究对象,研究水生植物在不同营养盐含量和与台田边界不同距离条件下的蔓延分布特征.运用野外调查方法,于2012年5月和9月初,对白洋淀20个主要淀区台田沟渠内的水生植物和水质条件进行调查.本次调查在台田沟渠内共发现水生植物14种,占淀区水生植物总种数的40％.沟渠内水生植物对营养盐含量的适应性可以分为3类:金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、紫背浮萍(Spirodela polyhiza)、水鳖(Hydracharis dubia)、蓖齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、槐叶萍(Salvinia natans)、莲(Nelumbo nucifera)和芦苇(Phragmites australis适宜于各种水体;狸藻(Utricularia vulgaris)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和品藻Lemna trisulca)适宜于低氮水体;轮藻(Chara sp.)、光叶眼子菜(Potamo geton lucens)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)适宜于低氮和低磷水体.不同的水生植物分布于台田沟渠的不同位置,菹草、蓖齿眼子菜多分布于台田“外边缘”;轮藻多在台田“内边缘”和“内部水域”分布;浮水植物、浮叶植物和金鱼藻在台田区内分布相对均匀.植物群落物种丰富度沿台田沟渠与台田边界的距离呈单峰曲线关系,在台田入口处达到峰值.     

水患与黄河流域古代交通道路的变迁——以黄河中、下游分界地区(郑、汴间)为对象

黄河流域是古代中国河患较为频繁的地区。由于河患的频繁,致使这一地区古代环境发生了巨大的变化,交通道路的变迁即是其中一例。黄河郑州—开封河段于黄河中、下游的分界处,对于我们研究水患与古代交通道路的形成具有典型意义。由于水患的加剧,改变了这一地区原有的地形地貌条件,在此基础上形成的城市、聚落和交通道路的格局与黄河水患有着极为密切的关系,今天这一区域内城市、聚落和交通道路是受明清黄河水患影响而形成的。     

中国福建省亚热带山地4 000年来植被变化的孢粉记录

根据采自福建省中部戴云山脉亚高山水系源头地带(大致25°40'N,118°11'E)泥炭沉积洼地的孢粉纪录,对该地区亚热带山地植被近4 000年来的变化进行了研究.孢粉记录和其他沉积资料显示,3个取样点的泥炭沉积开始于4 000年前,很可能是全新世后期气候转冷的结果.在距今4 000～1 200年前期间,戴云山脉上部(海拔1 300～1 600 m)的植被为亚热带针阔叶混交类型,优势种属包括Cryptomeria(柳杉)、Castanopsis(栲)、Quercus(栎)和Tsuga(铁杉)等.距今1 200年前左右,该区域的植被发生了一次大的变化,表现在上述优势属种的孢粉在样品总孢粉数的比例突然下降,而Pinus(松),Gramineae(禾本科)以及Dicranopteris(芒萁)等属种的比例则提高了.这次剧烈的植被变化在其中的一个泥炭钻孔中留下了一层粘土记录,它代表了当时流域内植被受破坏后出现的严重土壤侵蚀.从泥炭沉积提取的孢粉记录还可以看出,研究区内广泛分布的松林是一种次生植被,它是人类不断干扰的结果.     

国外大气沉降泥炭沼泽档案研究进展

雨养泥炭沼泽养分补给主要源于大气降水。因为沼泽表面水的流动是缓慢并且有限的,所以沉降至其中的物质依然基本保留在原处。因此,大气颗粒物污染历史在泥炭累积时被保存。在最近20a期间,雨养泥炭沼泽被证明是痕量元素大气沉降富有意义的档案。尤其Pb被广泛深入地研究,并且Pb在泥炭芯中的非迁移性被很好地展示,其它元素也被指明保存在泥炭芯中。国外的泥炭沼泽沉积记录研究在某些方面非常深入细致,前期工作成为后续工作的铺垫,长年的积累形成一定的系统性。利用泥炭沼泽档案,人们对历史时期的环境研究取得了一定成果,尤其在大气金属沉降的泥炭沼泽档案与泥炭地古气候反演方面;但稍显不足的是比较重视对“记录”的研究,而对“机制”的研究深度不够。     

中国福建省亚热带山地4000年来植被变化的孢粉记录(英文)

根据采自福建省中部戴云山脉亚高山水系源头地带(大致25°40′N,118°11′E)泥炭沉积洼地的孢粉纪录,对该地区亚热带山地植被近4000年来的变化进行了研究.孢粉记录和其他沉积资料显示,3个取样点的泥炭沉积开始于4000年前,很可能是全新世后期气候转冷的结果.在距今4000~1200年前期间,戴云山脉上部(海拔1300~1600m)的植被为亚热带针阔叶混交类型,优势种属包括Cryptomeria(柳杉)、Castanopsis(栲)、Quercus(栎)和Tsuga(铁杉)等.距今1200年前左右,该区域的植被发生了一次大的变化,表现在上述优势属种的孢粉在样品总孢粉数的比例突然下降,而Pinus(松),Gramineae(禾本科)以及Dicranopteris(芒萁)等属种的比例则提高了.这次剧烈的植被变化在其中的一个泥炭钻孔中留下了一层粘土记录,它代表了当时流域内植被受破坏后出现的严重土壤侵蚀.从泥炭沉积提取的孢粉记录还可以看出,研究区内广泛分布的松林是一种次生植被,它是人类不断干扰的结果.     

Anisotropy and depth‐related heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity in a bog peat. II: modelling the effects on groundwater flow

Anisotropy and heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity (K) are seldom considered in models of mire hydrology. We investigated the effect of anisotropy and heterogeneity on groundwater flow in bog peat using a steady‐state groundwater model. In five model simulations, four sets of K data were used. The first set comprised measured K values from an anisotropic and heterogeneous bog peat. These data were aggregated to produce the following simplified data sets: an isotropic and heterogeneous distribution of K; an isotropic and homogeneous distribution; and an anisotropic and homogeneous distribution. We demonstrate that, where anisotropy and heterogeneity exist, groundwater flow in bog peat is complex. Fine‐scale variations in K have the potential to influence patterns and rates of groundwater flow. However, for our data at least, it is heterogeneity and not anisotropy that has the greater influence on producing complex patterns of groundwater flow. We also demonstrate that patterns and rates of groundwater flow are simplified and reduced when measured K values are aggregated to create a more uniform distribution of K. For example, when measured K values are aggregated to produce isotropy and homogeneity, the rate of modelled seepage is reduced by 28%. We also show that when measured K values are used, the presence of a drainage ditch can increase seepage through a modelled cross‐section. Our work has implications for the accurate interpretation of hydraulic head data obtained from peat soils, and also the understanding of the effect of drainage ditches on patterns and rates of groundwater flow. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late Quaternary uplift and subsidence of the west coast of Tanna,south Vanuatu,southwest Pacific: U–Th ages of raised coral reefs in the Median Sedimentary Basin

An X‐ray determinative curve, based on the parameter (Smith &; Gay, 1958) has been derived from twelve analysd plagioclases in the range An₆₂‐₈₇. The line differs from previous calibrations of against anorthite content, and it is suggested that this is due to the differing thermal histories of the materials used.

A break in slope in the determinative line at about An₇₅ may correspond to the change in lattice type from low intermediate plagioclase, to “body centred” anorthite. Heating of the plagioclases results in an increase in and the disappearance of the discontinuity.     

乌达矿区主采煤层煤相特征与煤的可选性

对内蒙古乌达矿区主采煤层9煤层的煤岩学特征和煤相进行了分析,用煤样密度组成的煤岩学方法讨论不同煤相煤的可选性。研究表明,相同煤相不同煤的可选性相似,聚煤环境决定了煤中矿物的含量和赋存状态,同时也决定了煤的可选性。高位泥炭沼泽形成的煤可选性好,而低位泥炭沼泽形成的煤可选性差。