北京地区暴雨个例的观测敏感区研究

利用基于集合预报的相关方法对2009年7月23日发生在北京及周边地区的暴雨过程的观测敏感区进行了分析。通过WRF(Weather Research Forecast)三维变分方法对初始场进行随机扰动,形成30个初始集合样本,做了预报时效为12 h的集合预报。利用该方法分析检验区(北京及周边地区)累积降水[14:00(北京时间,下同)至20:00]相对于初始时刻(08:00)各基本要素的敏感性,确定感性要素及其对应的区域。研究发现初步确定的敏感性要素为水汽和温度,对应的敏感区分别位于北京的西南侧和北京的东北侧,且通过实况分析可知初步确定的敏感性要素和对应的敏感区具有明确的物理意义。还进一步通过观测系统模拟试验(OSSE)的资料同化验证所确定的敏感区,结果表明在水汽对应的敏感区内同化水汽对降水的预报结果有明显的改进;在温度对应的敏感区内同化温度,降水的预报准确率有了明显的提高,说明了初步确定的敏感性要素和敏感区的正确性。在水汽对应的敏感区内同化水汽的同时在温度对应的敏感区内同化温度,使降水预报的技巧有大幅度的提高,说明了温度和水汽的共同作用对提高降水预报准确率贡献最大。因此,通过基于集合预报的相关方法能够快速的确定敏感区。研究结果将为确定北京暴雨的观测敏感区提供参考。     

2010年6月大气环流和天气分析

2010年6月大气环流主要特征如下:极涡呈两个中心分布并偏离极地;北支锋区偏北,冷空气偏北偏弱;欧亚中高纬度位势高度偏高;低纬度地区多波动;副热带高压偏西,强度偏强。2010年6月,全国平均降水量为95.0 mm接近常年同期,全国平均气温为20.5℃,较常年同期偏高1.0℃。月内南方地区出现持续性强降水过程,共有7次暴雨过程。东北、新疆部分地区出现罕见高温天气。河北、辽宁、山东、江苏等地遭受风雹灾害。     

一次积层混合云降水过程增雨条件分析

基于中尺度数值模式MM5,新一代天气雷达、静止气象卫星和雨量等观测资料,对安徽省秋季旱期一次降水过程的增雨条件进行了分析。首先,模式预报的云降水结构与实况在总降水量及分布、云系回波特征、移动趋势方面基本一致,模式产品具有一定可信度,对云降水结构的分析表明,云中含有一定过冷云水且配合有上升气流的存在,这是有利的增雨条件。在此基础上,基于MM5模式结果计算了冰面过饱和度,散度差,K指数和850 hPa水汽含量,并由此得到综合增雨潜力指标,将指标与云结构、降水和卫星雷达资料进行对比,结果表明这些指标揭示了云系中有利于增雨作业的动力、热力、微物理条件,对云系发展和降水过程有良好指示意义,与雷达卫星的观测结果较一致。最后,卫星反演产品、雷达回波以及雷达反演产品如垂直积分液态水含量、回波顶高等特征与模式描述的云系结构特征一致,可判断作业的具体位置和时间,数值模式产品与观测资料结合为人工增雨作业提供了及时精确的指导。     

Radar Data Assimilation for the Simulation of Mesoscale Convective Systems

A heavy rainfall case related to Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) over the Korean Peninsula was selected to investigate the impact of radar data assimilation on a heavy rainfall forecast. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system with tuning of the length scale of the background error covariance and observation error parameters was used to assimilate radar radial velocity and reflectivity data. The radar data used in the assimilation experiments were preprocessed using quality-control procedures and interpolated/thinned into Cartesian coordinates by the SPRINT/CEDRIC packages. Sensitivity experiments were carried out in order to determine the optimal values of the assimilation window length and the update frequency used for the rapid update cycle and incremental analysis update experiments. The assimilation of radar data has a positive influence on the heavy rainfall forecast. Quantitative features of the heavy rainfall case, such as the maximum rainfall amount and Root Mean Squared Differences (RMSDs) of zonal/meridional wind components, were improved by tuning of the length scale and observation error parameters. Qualitative features of the case, such as the maximum rainfall position and time series of hourly rainfall, were enhanced by an incremental analysis update technique. The positive effects of the radar data assimilation and the tuning of the length scale and observation error parameters were clearly shown by the 3DVAR increment.     

The Role of Land–sea Distribution and Orography in the Asian Monsoon. Part I： Land–sea Distribution

A number of AGCM simulations were performed by including various land--sea distributions (LSDs), such as meridional LSDs, zonal LSDs, tropical large-scale LSDs, and subcontinental-scale LSDs, to identify their effects on the Asian monsoon. In seven meridional LSD experiments with the continent/ocean located to the north/south of a certain latitude, the LSDs remain identical except the southern coastline is varied from 40^o to 4^oN in intervals of 5.6^o. In the experiments with the coastline located to the north of 21^oN, no monsoon can be found in the subtropical zone. In contrast, a summer monsoon is simulated when the continent extends to the south of 21^oN. Meanwhile, the earlier onset and stronger intensity of the tropical summer monsoon are simulated with the southward extension of the tropical continent. The effects of zonal LSDs were investigated by including the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean into the model based on the meridional LSD run with the coastline located at 21^oN. The results indicate that the presence of a mid-latitude zonal LSD induces a strong zonal pressure gradient between the continent and ocean, which in turn results in the formation of an East Asian subtropical monsoon. The comparison of simulations with and without the Indian Peninsula and Indo-China Peninsula reveals that the presence of two peninsulas remarkably strengthens the southwesterly winds over South Asia due to the tropical asymmetric heating between the tropical land and sea. The tropical zonal LSD plays a crucial role in the formation of cumulus convection.     

ATOVS资料在淮河暴雨预报中的同化应用研究

ATOVS资料的获取弥补了测站稀少地区常规观测资料的不足,尤其是有云条件下的温湿资料,这两种资料对于模式的降水预报极为重要。采用T213-SSI业务系统,对全球NOAA16、17的ATOVS资料进行同化试验,分析了ATOVS资料在极端暴雨天气预报中的应用效果。对2007年7月7—9日发生在淮河流域的一次暴雨过程进行数值模拟研究,设计3种同化方案,对比分析了不同方案的同化模拟结果。试验表明:长期同化AMSU资料,可以改善降水预报,尤其是降水强度的改善明显。通过连续同化,卫星资料能改进大尺度环境场、温湿场和动力场。剔除AMSU-A地面通道及低层700 hPa通道资料的同化效果要优于全部同化,对于暴雨中心的模拟位置、强度有较明显改进,中高层形势场的降水直接影响系统也更加接近实况,温湿场、风场的调整作用尤其明显。     

华南春季降水和水汽输送的年代际变化特征

The characteristics of spring precipitation and water vapor transport in South China were analyzed by using observational data and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） reanalysis data. The results show that, during the spring, each component of the water cycle （precipitation, wind field, specific humidity, water vapor transport, etc.） in South China exhibits a notable interdecadal variability. An abrupt increase in spring precipitation occurred in the early 1970s. During the dry period from 1958 to 1971, a water vapor flux divergence （positive divQ） existed in South China, which may have led to the deficiency in rainfall. However, during the wet period from 1973 to 1989, there was a remarkable water vapor flux convergence （negative divQ） in South China, which may have resulted in the higher rainfall. The interdecadal variability of water vapor transport is closely related to the interdecadal variability of wind fields, although the interdecadal variability of specific humidity also plays a role to some extent, and the interdecadal variability of the zonal water vapor transport contributes much more to the interdecadal variability of spring precipitation than the meridional water vapor transport.     

2009年飞机人工增雨作业抗春旱效益评估

本文介绍了人工增雨作业效益的一种评估方法——区域雨量对比法,以及该方法在实际业务工作中的应用：统计了2009年春季四川省飞机人工增雨的作业情况,采用区域雨量对比法对每次作业进行效益计算,得出每次作业的影响面积、影响区降水、对比区降水、增雨量、增加的降水量等,根据春旱期间的降水情况与旱情缓解情况,对人工增雨抗春旱的效益进行了分析评估,并尝试计算出缩短春旱的持续时间,给出了评估结论,并对该方法的应用进行了讨论。该评估方法对于人工影响天气业务工作,具有一定的实用性和可操作性。     

1950—2009年夏季菲律宾低空越赤道气流的变化特征

利用1950—2009年NECP/NCAR的月平均经向风再分析资料,根据夏季(6—8月)菲律宾低空越赤道气流的特征,定义了该支气流的强度指数IS和位置偏移指数IL,并根据这两个指数分析了菲律宾越赤道气流的时间变化特征及对应的环流特征,以及其与亚洲夏季降水的关系。结果表明,IS主要呈现弱、强、弱、强的年代际变化特征,IL主要呈现振荡、稳定、径直转向的年代际变化特征。IS与由低层澳大利亚高压北侧冷空气活跃和西太平洋副热带高压减弱所造成的经向气压梯度的变化有关,IL与澳大利亚地区和赤道低槽区高、低层的南北气压梯度有关。IS与印度尼西亚、孟加拉湾南部、热带西太平洋和澳大利亚东部的降水关系密切,IL与孟加拉湾和中国南海南部的降水关系密切。此外,IL与澳大利亚上空的垂直运动具有密切联系。