不同天气类型短时强降水与地闪特征分析

选取2006—2013年山东8次典型短时强降水（降水强度>20 mm·h-1）个例,并根据降水的天气尺度影响系统分为4种类型,利用山东区域ADTD型闪电定位仪资料,统计各类短时强降水与地闪相关性;结合地闪频数、密度分析地闪与短时强降水的雨强、出现时间、空间分布等特征的相关性。结果表明：1）各类强降水与不同范围地闪的相关性不同,与固定范围内地闪的时间、空间分布特征不同;其中负地闪占绝大多数,正闪比例小,负闪占比越大降水越强;站点周边30 km范围内地闪频数与降水相关性较好,低槽冷锋型强降水与地闪频数相关性最好,其次是低涡切变线型,黄淮气旋型短时强降水与地闪频数相关性差,热带气旋型强降水则与正闪相关性更好。2）地闪频数只对单次过程降水量变化有所指示,不能直接用来判别短时强降水,而地闪频数峰值对于短时强降水预报有一定指示意义;其中后倾型低槽冷锋、西北涡、西南涡型短时强降水地闪频数峰值对于预报短时强降水指示意义较强,冷切变和暖切变型指示意义较小,前倾型低槽冷锋、黄淮气旋、热带气旋型无明显指示意义。3）高地闪密度与短时强降水落区对应较好,但短时强降水并不一定会出现在高地闪密度中心区域;大部分短时强降水极值站高地闪密度中心对应;对于后倾型低槽冷锋、暖切变、西南涡型短时强降水,5次·（10 km）-2·h-1可作为预报参考阈值。     

DYNAMICAL PREDICTION OF WEST CHINA AUTUMN RAINFALL BY THE NCEP CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM

This study investigates the variation and prediction of the west China autumn rainfall (WCAR) and their associated atmospheric circulation features, focusing on the transitional stages of onset and demise of the WCAR. Output from the 45-day hindcast by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) and several observational data sets are used. The onset of WCAR generally occurs at pentad 46 and decays at pentad 56, with heavy rainfall over the northwestern China and moderate rainfall over the south. Before that, southerly wind changes into southeasterly wind, accompanied by a westward expansion and intensification of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), favoring rainfall over west China. On the other hand, during the decay of WCAR, a continental cold high develops and the WPSH weakens and shifts eastward, accompanied by a demise of southwest monsoon flow, leading to decay of rainfall over west China. The CFSv2 generally well captures the variation of WCAR owing to the high skill in capturing the associated atmospheric circulation, despite an overestimation of rainfall. This overestimation occurs at all time leads due to the overestimated low-level southerly wind. The CFSv2 can pinpoint the dates of onset and demise of WCAR at the leads up to 5 days and 40 days, respectively. The lower prediction skill for WCAR onset is due to the unrealistically predicted northerly wind anomaly over the lower branch of the Yangtze River and the underestimated movement of WPSH after lead time of 5 days.     

2017年湖南一次特大致洪暴雨过程的水汽特征

利用湖南省区域自动站和常规观测站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR和JRA-55再分析资料及湖南省气象台大气河预报业务产品,分析了2017年6月22日至7月2日湖南一次特大致洪暴雨过程的雨洪和水汽输送异常特征,以及大气河水汽输送对强降雨的影响,在此基础上定量分析了强降雨区各边界的水汽收支状况及各水汽轨迹的贡献。结果表明:此次强降水过程分为三个阶段,第一、第三阶段降雨的范围、强度均明显大于第二阶段。欧亚中高纬稳定的"1槽1脊"环流形势、低纬较稳定的西太副高及其外围强劲的水汽输送是此次暴雨发生的环流背景。水汽通量、水汽通量散度、比湿等物理量的水平及垂直分布对降水的阶段性特征和位置、强度变化有很好的指示作用。三个强降雨时段,来自孟加拉湾、南海和西太副高西南侧的水汽输送表现出不同的强度和位置,造成到达湖南境内的偏南水汽输送空间异常程度不同。大气河的强弱及其水汽输送通道、辐合区位置以及强降雨区各边界水汽净收入对强降水发生、发展起关键作用。水汽后向轨迹分析表明,低层偏南的水汽输送是此次极端强降雨较长时间维持的重要因素,而来自北方的干冷空气侵入利于大气斜压性增强和对流不稳定维持,是第二阶段降水强度弱于第一、第三阶段的另一原因。     

广义极值分布在重庆短历时极值降水中的应用

利用广义极值分布函数拟合1981—2016年重庆34个国家气象站短历时(1、3、6、12 h)极值降水序列,对拟合结果进行显著性水平检验,并给出不同重现期极值降水的空间分布。结果表明:广义极值分布函数能较好地拟合重庆地区的短历时极值降水。随着降水历时的延长,服从Weibull分布(Frechet分布)的站点数逐渐减少(增加)。各短历时不同重现期降水的空间分布具体表现为10 a以下及20 a以上基本相似,位于长江沿线以北的重庆西北部地区降水量明显大于重庆长江沿线以南地区,且渝东南降水的相对大值区位于彭水地区。随着重现期的增加,降水中心更加集中,渝东北的大值中心随着历时的延长向北移动。广义极值分布函数的形状参数的绝对值接近或超出0.5时,计算的高重现期(大于样本长度)极值降水存在较大偏差;当不同历时降水拟合的形状参数值具有明显差异时,高重现期降水可能出现与客观规律相悖的现象。     

三个登陆台风间接造成宁波大暴雨特征分析

利用常规观测和自动站加密观测、雷达、卫星云图及NCEP再分析资料,统计登陆福建未进入浙江而对宁波产生影响的台风,着重分析近几年预报与实况差别较大的“菲特”、“杜鹃”和“莫兰蒂”台风造成宁波强降水的原因。结果表明：此类台风1949—2016年共有82例,43.9%造成宁波局部暴雨,9.8%造成局部大暴雨,4.9%造成全市范围大暴雨,其中75%发生在2013年以后。远距离、范围小的台风减弱后,云系扩散,与冷空气、副热带高压、其他台风等相互作用,有利于急流和持续性强降水的形成;低层水汽收入增加（减少）对于宁波降雨增强（减弱）的开始时间有6—12 h提前;非地转湿Q矢量散度负值的增强（减弱）对于宁波强降雨的开始（减弱）有提前6 h的预示意义。     

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应用平衡分配模型评价渤海湾和莱州湾沉积物重金属潜在生物毒性

为探讨渤海沉积物中重金属的生物毒性,采集了渤海湾和莱州湾共72个站点的表层沉积物,测定了酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取金属(SEM)、有机碳(TOC)等参数,应用平衡分配模型(EqP Model)评价了沉积物中重金属的潜在生物毒性。研究显示,有8个站点超过了EqP Model的毒性阈值,显示潜在生物毒性,而61%的站点应无生物毒性。本研究同时测定了沉积物的总含量,应用几种常用的沉积物质量基准进行了评价虽然有部分站点的Cu、Ni、Cr超过了基准值,但与渤海的背景值比较,这些基准值可能并不适用于评价渤海沉积物。研究显示,EqP Model可以更有效的评价沉积物中重金属的活性和生物毒性,尤其针对我国近岸海域的沉积物,TOC和AVS含量偏低而重金属生物毒性偏高的情况可能普遍存在,更应积极考虑应用EqP Model进行重金属生物毒性的评价。     

云南降雨型滑坡县级预警雨量阈值分析

根据云南省华坪县滑坡灾害历史数据和同期气象站实测小时降雨资料,以滇西北的华坪县为例动态地计算了每次滑坡灾害的有效降雨天数和对应前期的有效降雨量;并应用主成分分析法对44场降雨型滑坡进行分析,结果表明间接前期雨量、发生雨量和激发雨量对诱发滑坡都有重要影响,得出诱发滑坡的降水有短时强降雨和长时低强度降雨两种类型。由此建立了含有两类降雨特点的华坪县I〖CD*2〗D（降雨强度〖CD*2〗历时）阈值曲线,并在此过程中提出了确定降雨历时D结束时刻的方法和有待进一步研究的问题。通过对华坪县滑坡预警雨量研究,为其他县级滑坡灾害预警雨量阈值的确定提供一种方法。     

Relationship between the Periodic Fluctuations of Pressure and Precipitation during a Rainstorm

The relationship between periodic fluctuations of pressure and precipitation was investigated using the continuous wavelet transform and wavelet coherence transform methods for a rainstorm case that occurred during 19–25 June 2005 in Guangdong Province, China. The results show that a period of 2–4 h existed in both pressure and precipitation fluctuations. Furthermore, this high frequency pressure fluctuation was closely related to the fluctuation of precipitation with a similar period, and the fluctuation of pressure was about two hours ahead of the precipitation fluctuation variation. Since the high frequency pressure fluctuation implies the existence of gravity wave activity, the results suggest that gravity wave activities with a 2–4 h period in the atmosphere exerted an important influence on precipitation during this rainstorm.     

CORRELATION BETWEEN PEAK INTENSITY OF EXTREME AFTERNOON SHORT-DURATION RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY AND SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE IN SOUTHEAST COAST OF CHINA

Using hourly rainfall intensity, daily surface air temperature, humidity and low-level dew point depressions at 55 stations in the southeast coast of China, and sea surface temperature from reanalysis in the coastal region, this paper analyzes the connection between peak intensity of extreme afternoon short-duration rainfall (EASR) and humidity as well as surface air temperature. The dependency of extreme peak intensity of EASR on temperature has a significant transition. When daily highest surface temperature is below (above) 29°C, the peak rainfall intensity shows an ascending (descending) tendency with rising temperature. Having investigated the role of moisture condition in the variation of EASR and temperature, this paper discovered that the decrease of peak rainfall intensity with temperature rising is connected with the variation of relative humidity. At higher temperatures, the land surface relative humidity decreases dramatically as temperature further increases. During this process, the sea surface temperature maintains basically unchanged, resulting in indistinct variations of water vapor content at seas. As water vapor over land is mainly contributed by the quantitative moisture transport from adjacent seas, the decline of relative humidity over land will be consequently caused by the further rise of surface air temperature.