包头山区流域面雨量的实现及最大洪峰流量的估计

利用T213数值预报产品建立包头市短期降雨预报方程,通过地理信息系统,在Citystar4.0版本软件的支持下,实现大青山区降水随高度的分布模式,计算出主要山区沟河的流域面雨量和降水总量,估计洪峰流量。在GIS(地理信息系统)环境下,研究山区面雨量的预报,通过建立包头市大青山区山体高度降雨量分布的经验公式,得到实现山区沟河流域面的面雨量,最终得到各个沟河流域的最大洪峰流量的估计。     

1117号强台风“纳沙”引发海南岛特大暴雨过程分析

利于MICAPS资料、NCEP资料和多普勒天气雷达资料分析了1117号强台风“纳沙”造成海南岛特大暴雨过程分析。结果表明,强盛的西南季风为其提高了充足的水汽和能量;双重“列车效应”是造成海南岛特大暴雨的主要原因．暖平流上叠加辐合风场有利于强降水的形成和维持,“逆风区”与强降水中心一致;地形对降水起到明显的增幅作用。     

水库流域体积降水量预报方法研究

根据广东飞来峡水库流域汇流特征,将全流域划分为5个支流,并采用求积仪分别计算各支流面积;然后用加权平均法计算各支流的面雨量,并将各支流面雨量对相应的支流面积进行积分,计算各支流体积降雨量;利用洪水过程飞来峡水库入库流量、出库流量和水库流域蒸发量对体积降水量预报结果进行验证,求出误差订正系数.结果表明:利用加权平均法计算的水库流域体积降水量,经过误差订正后,预报准确率可控制在90%左右,基本满足预报业务服务要求.     

北太平洋海表持续加热对夏季中国降水及大气环流的影响

用海温距平累积和讨论了北太平洋海温异常持续加热对夏季中国降水和大气环流的影响。结果表明：ＳＴＰＮＡ（海温的太平洋北美遥相关型）指数距平累积和与江淮流域夏季降水有密切的相关,与全国雨带的类型也有较好的联系。进而讨论了ＳＴＰＮＡ指数距平累积和对大气环流的影响。     

Longitudinal Displacement of the Subtropical High in the Western Pacific in Summer and its Influence

Using the relative vorticity averaged over a certain area, a new index for measuring the longitudinal position of the subtropical high (SH) in the western Pacific is proposed to avoid the increasing trend of heights in the previous indices based on geopotential height. The years of extreme westward and eastward extension of SH using the new index are in good agreement with those defined by height index. There exists a distinct difference in large-scale circulation between the eastward and westward extension of SH under the new definition, which includes not only the circulation in the middle latitudes but also the flow in the lower latitudes. It seems that when the SH extends far to the east (west), the summer monsoon in the South China Sea is stronger (weaker) and established earlier (later). In addition, there exists a good relationship between the longitudinal position of SH and the summer rainfall in China. A remarkable negative correlation area appears in the Changjiang River valley, indicating that when the SH extends westward (eastward), the precipitation in that region increases (decreases). A positive correlation region is found in South China, showing the decrease of rainfall when the SH extends westward. On the other hand, the rainfall is heavier when the SH retreats eastward. However, the anomalous longitudinal position of SH is not significantly related to the precipitation in North China. The calculation of correlation coefficients between the index of longitudinal position of SH and surface temperature in China shows that a large area of positive values, higher than 0.6 in the center, covers the whole of North China, even extending eastward to the Korean Peninsula and Japan Islands when using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to do the correlation calculation. This means that when the longitudinal position of the SH withdraws eastward in summer, the temperature over North China is higher. On the other hand, when it moves westward, the temperature there is lower. This could explain the phenomenon of the seriously high temperatures over North China during recent summers, because the longitudinal position of SH in recent summers was located far away from the Asian continent. Another region with large negative correlation coefficients is found in South China.     

坡面溅蚀发生过程及其与坡度关系的模拟研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验,分别观测降雨过程中不同方向上溅蚀强度的变化,根据各影响因子间相互消长及相互制约的关系特点,分析了雨滴溅蚀发生的过程特征及其变化原因,从溅蚀过程的变化特点及溅蚀强度的变化规律比较,定量地探讨了坡度对雨滴击溅侵蚀的影响作用,得出了溅蚀强度与坡度因子之间的关系方程。     

中国大陆密度和地震波速扰动异常的年龄属性研究

大陆动力学研究需要物质随空间和时间的变化的信息。三维密度和地震波速度扰动图像反映岩石圈物质的空间分布,要和大地构造学中的时间尺度信息综合起来,才能恢复动力学作用的过程。本文通过对比不同构造期的构造图和地壳不同深度的地球物理性质图像,研究中国大陆密度以及地震波速度扰动和构造事件的相关度。研究表明,岩石圈地幔的密度和波速扰动和现今板块构造的相关度是高的,说明岩石圈地幔的密度大黏度高,不仅地震波速快得多,物质蠕动的速度也比下地壳慢得多,板块运动产生的变形保存时间比较久。中国大陆中地壳的密度扰动和白垩纪以来的构造事件的相关度是高的,说明中地壳的密度扰动主要反映了白垩纪以来的构造事件。中国大陆上地壳结晶基底的密度扰动和侏罗纪以来的构造事件的相关度是高的,说明上地壳的密度扰动可以反映燕山期的构造事件。对于中国大陆而言,下地壳的波速变化和板块构造没有明显的相关性;不过下地壳深层的密度扰动也反映新构造期的构造事件。其原因可能是因为下地壳的物质黏度比较低,物质蠕动的速度比岩石圈地幔快得多,板块运动产生的变形不容易保存。总之,应用不同深度的密度扰动图像分别推测不同地质时期的地壳构造运动发生的地点和范围是可...     

Predicting June Mean Rainfall in the Middle/Lower Yangtze River Basin

We demonstrate that there is significant skill in the GloSea5 operational seasonal forecasting system for predicting June mean rainfall in the middle/lower Yangtze River basin up to four months in advance. Much of the rainfall in this region during June is contributed by the mei-yu rain band. We find that similar skill exists for predicting the East Asian summer monsoon index(EASMI) on monthly time scales, and that the latter could be used as a proxy to predict the regional rainfall. However, th...     

近年华中地区不同级别强降水事件变化趋势

利用1981—2017年近37 a华中区域241个气象观测站年最大小时降水资料,分析了该区域年极端小时降水的时空分布特征。结果表明：阈值分别为30~ < 40 mm·h^-1、40~ < 50 mm·h^-1和≥50 mm·h^-1的年极端小时降水频次,河南和湖北中东部均较高,湖南则随其阈值增大而降低;年极端小时降水频次日变化特征较为明显,午后至傍晚发生最多,前半夜至凌晨次之,后半夜至早晨、上午至午后明显减少;年极端小时降水平均强度大值区多集中在河南和湖北的中东部地区,湖北最强年极端小时降水大值区主要位于沿江汉平原边缘地带;年极端小时降水频次日峰值主要出现在午后至傍晚和后半夜至早晨,其区域性差异较为明显;不同阈值的年极端小时降水频次均表现出明显的年际和年代际变化特征,1980年代呈波动减小趋势,1990年代呈波动增加趋势,21世纪初期呈现低频波动变化,之后波动加大;不同阈值的极端小时降水频次日变化均表现为明显的单峰型特征,峰值出现在17时前后。

     

某岩溶区公路岩土滑坡形成机理与治理

灰岩区复杂的岩体和土体条件引发频繁的滑坡,严重影响了岩溶区高速公路的建设和运营。以某高速工程典型的岩土双区滑坡为例,进行岩溶区滑坡机理研究,结果表明,岩土体及地形是内因,路堑开挖是外因,强降雨是诱因,滑坡机制概括为开挖应力释放—降雨推移（Ⅰ区土体）—牵引（Ⅱ区岩体）。通过极限平衡法的滑坡稳定性分析,卸载后滑坡达到了基本稳定,但是在降雨工况下,滑坡依然处于不稳定状态。针对这种滑坡特殊成因,采用以抗滑桩为主的综合分区治理滑坡方案,处治效果良好,具有降低造价,加快施工进度等优势。