CLIMATOLOGICAL LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION OF OLR OVER THE MARITIME CONTINENT WITH ITS POSSIBLE LINKAGE TO SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN CHINA

Using the 1979-2009 NCEP/NACR reanalysis data and precipitation records in East China, research is performed of the climatological features of low-frequency oscillation (LFO) in OLR over the Maritime Continent (MC) as well as their associations with precipitation disturbance in the eastern part of China. Results suggest that in the MC there is significant climatological low-frequency oscillation (CLFO) in outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), with the intraseasonal oscillation (30-60 days) being the strongest for April-September, and the MC acting as a high-value region of percentage contributions of low-frequency OLR variance. On the low-frequency time scale there occur four events of more intense active OLR during this time interval. In the January-April (May-August) phase, MC convection is relatively weak (vigorous). The CLFO makes pronounced eastward displacement at tropics, with phase propagation seen longitudinally, too. There occur low-frequency disturbance circulations similar to the EAP wavetrain or P-J teleconnection, starting from the MC via the South China Sea and the Philippines to the Yangtze valley of China. At different phases, the variation in the low-frequency circulations and heating fields shows that the rainfall disturbance in eastern China is likely to be under possible effects of the CLFO from the MC in April-September, and the low-frequency heating variation exhibits a meridional pattern as an EAP wavetrain or P-J teleconnection. As the OLR CLFO is in a peak (valley) phase the low-level divergence or convergence with the reversal at high levels over the MC is related to relatively feeble (robust) low frequency convection, thereby exciting an EAP or P-J wavetrain from the MC to the Sea of Japan. At the higher levels, the South-Asian high is eastward (westward) of normal due to effects of low-frequency cyclones (anticyclones), resulting in less (more) rainfall in the Jiangnan (areas in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze and to the south of the river) and Hetao (the Great Bend of Yellow River) areas, and increased (decreased) rainfall in SW China, Qinghai Plateau and Gansu. At the conversion phases, low-frequency convection becomes more active in parts of the MC, consequently exciting low-frequency wavetrain of cyclones-anticyclones-cyclones at low levels, making the South-Asian high southward of the mean, so that strong convergent zones emerge in the upper and middle Yangtze basins and Jilin of NE China, responsible for plentiful precipitation there in sharp contrast to the rainfall over the band between the Yellow and Huaihe Rivers and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. These results help understand in depth the climatological LFO characteristics and the phase-locked feature, thereby further improving our understanding of the causes of rainfall disturbances in different parts of the country.     

Impact of the spatial resolution of climatic data and soil physical properties on regional corn yield predictions using the STICS crop model

The assimilation of Earth observation (EO) data into crop models has proven to be an efficient way to improve yield prediction at a regional scale by estimating key unknown crop management practices. However, the efficiency of prediction depends on the uncertainty associated with the data provided to crop models, particularly climatic data and soil physical properties. In this study, the performance of the STICS (Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) crop model for predicting corn yield after assimilation of leaf area index derived from EO data was evaluated under different scenarios. The scenarios were designed to examine the impact of using fine-resolution soil physical properties, as well as the impact of using climatic data from either one or four weather stations across the region of interest. The results indicate that when only one weather station was used, the average annual yield by producer was predicted well (absolute error <5%), but the spatial variability lacked accuracy (root mean square error = 1.3 t ha⁻¹). The model root mean square error for yield prediction was highly correlated with the distance between the weather stations and the fields, for distances smaller than 10 km, and reached 0.5 t ha⁻¹ for a 5-km distance when fine-resolution soil properties were used. When four weather stations were used, no significant improvement in model performance was observed. This was because of a marginal decrease (30%) in the average distance between fields and weather stations (from 10 to 7 km). However, the yield predictions were improved by approximately 15% with fine-resolution soil properties regardless of the number of weather stations used. The impact of the uncertainty associated with the EO-derived soil textures and the impact of alterations in rainfall distribution were also evaluated. A variation of about 10% in any of the soil physical textures resulted in a change in dry yield of 0.4 t ha⁻¹. Changes in rainfall distribution between two abundant rainfalls during the growing season led to a significant change in yield (0.5 t ha⁻¹ on average). Our results highlight the importance of using fine-resolution gridded daily precipitation data to capture spatial variations of rainfall as well as using fine-resolution soil properties instead of coarse-resolution soil properties from the Canadian soil dataset, especially for regions with high pedodiversity.     

Investigating flash floods potential areas using ASCAT and TRMM satellites in the Western Cape Province,South Africa

The aim of the study was to evaluate flash flood potential areas in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, by integrating remote sensing products of high rainfall intensity, antecedent soil moisture and topographic wetness index (TWI). Rainfall has high spatial and temporal variability, thus needs to be quantified at an area in real time from remote sensing techniques unlike from sparsely distributed, point gauge network measurements. Western Cape Province has high spatial variation in topography which results in major differences in received rainfall within areas not far from each other. Although high rainfall was considered as the major cause of flash flood, also other contributing factors such as topography and antecedent soil moisture were considered. Areas of high flash flood potential were found to be associated with high rainfall, antecedent precipitation and TWI. Although TRMM 3B42 was found to have better rainfall intensity accuracy, the product is not available in near real time but rather at a rolling archive of three months; therefore, Multi- sensor precipitation estimate rainfall estimates available in near real time are opted for flash flood events. Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) soil moisture observations were found to have a reasonable r value of 0.58 and relatively low MAE of 3.8 when validated with in situ soil moisture measurements. The results of this study underscore the importance of ASCAT and TRMM satellite datasets in mapping areas at risk of flooding.     

降雨对大柏舍地电台地电阻率观测的影响

选取大柏舍地电台2011—2019年地电阻率观测数据和降雨量资料,分析降雨对地电阻率观测的影响,利用影响系数理论,对结果进行分析探讨。结果表明,由于大柏舍地电台表层介质影响系数较小且为负值,小幅降雨对该台地电阻率短期影响不明显,仅自然电位差受到干扰;大范围强降雨时,地电阻率和自然电位差均受到影响;因ZD8B仪地电阻率观测系统架空线路漏电,导致EW向分量呈阶降变化,且比用于背景场观测的ZD8M仪变化幅度大。     

用天气雷达回波强度资料估测降水

利用2004年兴义多普勒雷达体扫复合仰角的强度回波资料及自动站雨量资料,在贵州省黔西南地区进行降水估测。综合考虑了地理环境、气候、距雷达中心距离等3个因素,对下属的8县1市进行降水估测,运用了不同仰角进行多次实验,最后运用最小二乘法得到该区域的Z-I(反射率因子-降水)关系,选取2005年1-7月的部分资料进行检验对比,并对降水误差从地理环境、雷达性能等多个方面进行分析。结果表明,用此方法得出的Z-I适用性较好,准确率较高,为降水估测提供了较可靠的判据。     

华南暖区暴雨事件的筛选与分类研究

利用逐小时降水资料,采用客观方法对1982~2015年华南地区暖区暴雨进行了筛选和分类研究。主要结果如下:华南区域暖区暴雨事件共计177例,暖区暴雨占筛选的暴雨事件的16.86%,表明暖区暴雨是华南非常重要的降水过程。暖区暴雨主要出现在4~7月,6月份最多,平均持续11.58 h。暖区暴雨事件发生位置主要集中在广东、广西的沿海地区和粤北山区,有四个降雨中心。产生华南暖区暴雨的天气形势主要有四类,切变线型、低涡型、南风型和回流型,不同类型的暖区暴雨对华南地区的内陆和沿海的作用不同,且南风影响下的暖区暴雨发生频率较高,影响较大,是一类较为重要的暖区暴雨。     

青藏高原热力对四川盆地西部一次持续性暴雨影响的数值模拟

通过对四川盆地西部一次持续性暴雨过程的半理想数值模拟,研究了青藏高原热力作用对四川盆地持续性暴雨过程的影响。研究表明,高原的热力作用对于下游地区有着显著的影响,主要表现为:（1）关闭高原地面感热和潜热后,高原地区和四川盆地西部的降水明显减弱,而盆地中东部降水却有所加强,且四川盆地降水的日变化特征稍有减弱;（2）500 hPa青藏高原上的短波槽减弱,位于四川盆地中西部的背风槽强度、范围有所减弱,但低层盆地东部的气旋性涡旋加强;（3）涡度收支的定量分析发现,关闭高原热力作用后,盆地东部对流层低层垂直风切变的增强使得夜间倾斜项的正贡献增强,从而使该区域涡旋发展加强,盆地东部降水增强。     

顾及降水因子的卡尔曼滤波在滑坡变形数据处理中的应用

滑坡体在受到内部及外部相关因素作用后逐渐失稳,促使滑坡体发生变形。本文利用卡尔曼滤波对滑坡体上的监测点进行变形分析,估计出监测点的状态参数以全面地反映滑坡体的运动状态。普通卡尔曼滤波没有考虑其他控制因子的影响,如降水量、河流的水位等,但这些因素对某些滑坡的变形有时起了决定性作用。本文探讨了将降水因子作为卡尔曼滤波的控制输入及控制输入系数确定的方法,利用该方法可以初步判断出滑坡体对降水是否敏感。     

乌鲁木齐1991-2010年降雨特征分析

 利用1991—2010年5—9月乌鲁木齐市气象站降水量资料,分析了乌鲁木齐近20 a降雨特征。结果表明,逐小时降水量和降水频次呈现较为一致的日变化特征,均以20时以后至翌日11时左右为高值区,在下午16时达最低值;1 h降水频次最多的是量级≤1.0 mm的降水,其次是1.1 mm≤R1≤3.0 mm,但1.1 mm≤R1≤3.0 mm量级的降水贡献率最高,其次是R1≤1.0 mm。不同量级降水过程均有较为明显的年际差异,小雨过程发生的频次最多,其次为中雨、大雨和暴雨过程。前半夜为小雨、中雨和大雨过程最易发生时段,下午为暴雨过程最易发生时段。小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨过程发生最多的时段分别为7月中旬、5月中旬、5月中下旬、5月上中旬与7月中旬及8月下旬。短时性降水(1~3 h)主要集中在前半夜,持续4~6 h和7~9 h降水多集中在前半夜到后半夜,持续10~12 h及以上的降水多发生在下午至后半夜。20 a来雨日年际变化不明显,后10 a和前10 a相比,暴雨日数有所增加,而其他量级及总雨日均减少。     

2003年8月“巴蜀夜雨”过程的模拟和分析研究

结合中尺度数值预报模式AREM的数值试验和观测资料分析,对2003年8月川西地区的9次夜雨过程进行了模拟研究和综合分析.结果表明,在一定环流背景下,川西地区特殊地形引起的沿坡地的辐合上升运动和下垫面提供给低层大气的热通量所导致的大气层结不稳定,对川西夜雨的形成和发展有重要影响.白天,随着陆-气通量交换的增加,低层大气的温度和湿度逐步升高,并在午后达到极值.与此同时,低层偏南暖湿气流在盆地西部由于气旋性弯曲而形成的东北风在午后逐渐加强,这支气流在盆地西部被地形阻挡,产生爬升运动.辐合上升将低层高温高湿的大气向上输送,使得大气不稳定层结的厚度以及强度都增加;日落以后,低层大气的相对湿度随着气温的降低而增大,容易饱和而形成凝结,同时大气中积累了相当可观的对流有效位能,低层辐合抬升等因素容易触发不稳定能量释放,造成对流性夜雨天气.强烈的对流辐合运动需要周围大气的入流补偿,促使偏东风气流增强且向高空伸展,这令辐合抬升作用进一步增强.