Applying artificial neural networks to achieve quantitative division of potential focal regions

（姜效典，张维岗）Ａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓｔｏａｃｈｉｅｖｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｃａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ￥Ｘｉａｏ－ＤｉａｎＪＩＡＮＧａｎｄＷｅｉ－ＧａｎｇＺＨＡＮＧ（...     

龙门山逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究

龙门山逆断裂带中段由３条主要的逆断裂带组成，根据构造地貌学特征和地震活动性推测，其第四纪活动性自南西向北东方向递减，表现出明显的分段性。其中灌县－江油断裂控制了山地与平原或山地与丘陵区的分界以及第四系的厚度，根据这一特征可知该断裂的活动性自南向北，在大邑、灌县和彭县一带最强，绵竹次之，安县至江油最弱。断裂活动的分段性可能受龙门山北部南北向岷山隆起的控制。由于新构造活动分布在３条断裂上，所以区内以６级以下的中小地震活动为主     

Hydrostatic-system palsas at Toolik lake,Alaska: Field observations and simulation

Stratigraphic and chemical data from the ice core of an ‘anthropogenic palsa’ at Toolik Lake, Alaska, indicate that the mound formed as a consequence of hydrostatic pressure developed in an isolated hydrologic system within the active layer. Survey data for five palsas over a three-year period suggest that growth was essentially complete at the time of the initial survey; a net decrease of summit elevation is apparent in all five mounds, but complete degradation of the palsas would require several decades at observed rates. Because accurate field measurements of thermal and hydrologic evolution in such features are extremely difficult, simulation of the environmental conditions and events involved in palsa growth is an important supplement to field observation. Both analytic and finite-element models yield results that are in substantial agreement with inferences drawn from observational data.     

Geomorphological evolution of a Lowland valley system during the Weichselian

Weichselian geomorphological and fluvial evolution has been recorded in the valley fill of the Reusel, a small tributary of the lower Maas river. It has been studied by means of borehole sections. A first deep incision into the substratum occurred during the Early Weichselian-Lower Pleniglacial. This was followed by aggradation, at first by a braided river, at a later date by a meandering river, dating respectively from the Lower and Middle Pleniglacial. The Upper Pleniglacial aggradation again points to a braided river system. The end of the Pleniglacial is characterized by aeolian infilling of the valley and decreasing carrying capacity of the river.     

Quantitative chemical characterization of vitrinite concentrates using pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Rank variation of pyrolysis products

A series of hand-picked vitrinite samples from the Lower Kittanning Seam, Pennsylvania have been examined using quantitative pyrolysis-gas chromatography. These vitrinites ranged in rank from 0.59 to 1.71% reflectance, a rank range from high volatile C bituminous to low volatile bituminous. High molecular weight pyrolysis products included alkyl aromatic and phenolic compounds. Attempts have been made to correlate the pyrolysis product composition to rank parameters including vitrinite reflectance, volatile matter yield, carbon content, atomic H/C ratio and Rock-Eval determined T_max. Total yield of phenols was found to be strongly and inversely rank related. A clear relationship between C₈ alkyl-benzene yield and rank was not found for the sample set.     

地下动态导体充电法高精度定量解释

提供了动态导体充电法的高精度定量解释的原理和具体方法。     

川藏公路然乌-鲁朗段地质灾害影响因素定量分析

川藏公路然乌—鲁朗段工程地质条件极其复杂,导致大型地质灾害频繁发生。为了定量地分析各种影响因素对大型地质灾害的贡献,本文根据信息熵的理论和方法,提出了“地质灾害熵”的概念。通过详细分析川藏公路然乌—鲁朗段大型地质灾害资料,选择平均坡度、断层和节理、岩体结构、松散堆积物、水文地质条件、冰川作用和降雨等7个影响因素,分析它们对研究区某些大型地质灾害的影响程度,计算出了各影响因素的“地质灾害熵”。根据“地质灾害熵”计算得到了各影响因素的权重,在一定程度上解决了地质灾害影响因素的定量分析问题。     

表层岩溶带调蓄系数定量计算--以湘西洛塔赵家湾为例

本文以湖南洛塔赵家湾表层岩溶系统为例,综合利用水位、降雨量、蒸发量及泉流量等长观资料,分别对不同降雨特征下的表层岩溶带调蓄系数进行了定量计算,并对影响表层岩溶带调蓄能力的因素进行了分析。计算得到丰水期赵家湾表层岩溶带调蓄系数为0 14～0 2 8,明显小于枯水期调蓄系数0 44 ;但丰水期久旱后表层岩溶带的调蓄能力接近于枯水期;在丰水期,场雨和连续降雨时的调蓄能力比间歇降雨时的小近1倍。实例计算表明:赵家湾表层岩溶带具有一定的调蓄能力,其地下迳流滞后于降雨至少3d ,调蓄系数确实可以用来定量评价表层岩溶带的调蓄能力。     

Embedding reach-scale fluvial dynamics within the CAESAR cellular automaton landscape evolution model

We introduce a new computational model designed to simulate and investigate reach-scale alluvial dynamics within a landscape evolution model. The model is based on the cellular automaton concept, whereby the continued iteration of a series of local process ‘rules’ governs the behaviour of the entire system. The model is a modified version of the CAESAR landscape evolution model, which applies a suite of physically based rules to simulate the entrainment, transport and deposition of sediments. The CAESAR model has been altered to improve the representation of hydraulic and geomorphic processes in an alluvial environment. In-channel and overbank flow, sediment entrainment and deposition, suspended load and bed load transport, lateral erosion and bank failure have all been represented as local cellular automaton rules. Although these rules are relatively simple and straightforward, their combined and repeatedly iterated effect is such that complex, non-linear geomorphological response can be simulated within the model. Examples of such larger-scale, emergent responses include channel incision and aggradation, terrace formation, channel migration and river meandering, formation of meander cutoffs, and transitions between braided and single-thread channel patterns. In the current study, the model is illustrated on a reach of the River Teifi, near Lampeter, Wales, UK.     

Understanding confluence dynamics in the alluvial Ganga–Ramganga valley, India: An integrated approach using geomorphology and hydrology

Confluence dynamics in the Ganga–Ramganga valley in the western Ganga plains of India has been studied through systematic mapping of channel configuration using multi-date remote sensing images and topographic sheets for a period spanning nearly 100 years (1911–2000). The study has been supplemented with a detailed analysis of the channel morphology, hydrology and sediment transport characteristics of the different rivers. Our study indicates that new confluences have been created during this period and that the confluence points have moved both upstream and downstream on a historical time scale. Apart from major avulsions, other processes that have controlled the confluence movements include river capture, cut-offs and aggradation in the confluence area. River capture occurs through lateral bank erosion and migration, encroachment by the master stream and beheading of smaller rivers resulting in upstream movement of the confluence point. Another process which influences the upstream migration of the confluence is an increase in sinuosity of one of the channels near the confluence and then a cut-off. Aggradation in the confluence area and local avulsions of the primary channel in a multi-channel system seem to be the major process controlling the downstream movement of the confluence point. Analysis of channel morphology, hydrology and sediment budget for the study period supports our interpretations.