Determination of the Platinum-Group Elements and Gold in Twenty Rock Reference Materials by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after Pre-Concentration by Nickel Sulfide Fire Assay

The platinum-group elements (PGE) and gold have been determined in twenty international rock reference materials by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after pre-concentration by a nickel sulfide fire assay. It was possible to achieve determination limits for a 50 g sample that ranged from 1 pg g^-1 (Rh) to 23 pg g^-1 (Au). Compared to published certified and recommended values for rock reference materials, the trueness of the method was found to be good. However, in some cases we observed large deviations for all elements in the sub 10 ng g^-1 range within individual reference sample splits. Our results show that the PGE and Au are inhomogeneously distributed in the reference materials analysed here, where they are present in low concentrations, using 50 g test portions.     

A note on permeability changes in geologic material due to stress

Summary Stress produces framatic changes in fluid permeability of geologic materials. An increase of nearly threefold occurred in granite at high stress, an increase of 20 percent in sandstone, and a hundredfold decrease in compacted sand. Permeability of sand and sandstone did not follow the effective stress law. Flow along joints was very sensitive to effected stress changes, a fourfold change being caused by as little as 1.0 MPa.     

Multiscale approach to geo‐composite cellular structures subjected to rock impacts

Geo‐composite cellular structures are an efficient technological solution for various applications in civil engineering. This type of structure is particularly well adapted to resisting rockfalls and can act as a defensive structure. However, the design of such structures is for the most part empirically based; this lack of research‐based design stagnates optimization and advanced development. In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of a geo‐composite cellular structure is investigated using a multi‐scale approach, from the individual cell made up of an assembly of rocky particles contained in a wire netting cage to the entire structure composed of a regular array of cells. Based on discrete modelling of both the cell and structure scales, a computational tool has been developed for design purposes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铜锡复合成矿研究进展与展望

铜与锡具有不同的地球化学性质,然而铜锡共生或复合成矿现象在世界主要铜、锡成矿带中比较常见,如中国的右江、南岭(湘南)、大兴安岭南段(内蒙东部)、葡萄牙伊比利亚、秘鲁安第斯、英格兰德文郡、德国厄尔士山、日本西南、俄罗斯远东、加拿大新不伦瑞克等成矿带均为铜锡复合矿床的集中产区。铜锡复合矿床主要为岩浆热液矿床,以矽卡岩型、脉状矿床为主,兼有火山热液沉积型、斑岩型及云英岩型等。铜矿体的主要矿石矿物为黄铜矿,兼有斑铜矿、黝铜矿、辉铜矿等;锡矿体的主要矿石矿物为锡石,兼有黝锡矿。铜锡复合矿床的成矿物质来源(尤其是铜、锡成矿元素的来源是否具有一致性)尚有不少争议,锡普遍被认为是岩浆来源,而铜的来源具有多样性。成矿流体演化过程中的氧化还原环境的改变及流体的混合是导致铜锡复合成矿的主要原因。目前对于铜锡复合成矿的研究,主要是从矿床的年代学、单矿物(黄铜矿、锡石)微量元素及传统同位素地球化学、流体包裹体等方面入手,但对厘定铜锡复合成矿过程的作用有限。铜锡复合矿床的成因及勘查模型的建立具有重要的理论价值及现实意义。本文提出未来研究可以从多种非传统稳定同位素(例如Cu、Sn、W、Zn同位素)的联合示踪探索、成...     

内蒙古拜仁达坝及维拉斯托银多金属矿床的硫和铅同位素研究

拜仁达坝和维拉斯托是近年来在内蒙古东部地区发现的2个大型银多金属矿床,文章对其开展了硫和铅同位素研究。结果表明,拜仁达坝矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-4.0‰～+1.6‰,维拉斯托矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-0.8‰～+2.0‰,与岩浆热液型矿床的硫同位素值接近,表明这2个矿床中的硫主要来自岩浆。拜仁达坝矿区43件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.333～18.515,207Pb/204Pb值为15.532～15.656,208Pb/204Pb值为38.057～38.610;维拉斯托矿区20件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.304～18.377,207Pb/204Pb值为15.520～15.610,208Pb/204Pb值为38.112～38.435。拜仁达坝东矿区矿石中的铅同位素组成与维拉斯托矿区相似,变化范围小,相对贫放射性铅同位素,并且均为混合铅。矿石中的铅可能来自围岩地层及深源岩浆。     

粤北302铀矿床同位素地球化学研究

位于粤北诸广山岩体东南部的302铀矿床是我国规模较大、埋藏较深的花岗岩型铀矿床之一。该矿床产于印支期油洞岩体和燕山早期长江岩体的断裂蚀变带内,矿区内NWW向基性岩脉十分发育,矿体呈似脉状、扁豆状或透镜状。同位素研究表明,矿石的沥青铀矿Sm-Nd和U-Pb等时线年龄（70 Ma）与油洞岩体（232 Ma）、长江岩体（160 Ma）的年龄相差巨大;主成矿期成矿流体的δDH2O值为-65‰～-82‰（平均为-75‰）,δ18OH2O值为6.8‰～0.6‰（平均为3.9‰）,反映出成矿流体主要由地幔流体组成;方解石的δ13C值为-8.4‰～-5.3‰,表明矿化剂ΣCO2也来自地幔;矿区内辉绿岩的（87Sr/86Sr）i值为0.70861～0.70882,花岗岩的（87Sr/86Sr）i值为0.73519～0.77152,萤石的（87Sr/86Sr）i值为0.71474～0.71697,表明成矿组分Sr可能来源于基性脉岩（幔源）与赋矿花岗岩体（壳源）,并呈不同程度的混合,而主成矿组分铀主要来源于赋矿花岗岩体。     

地质钻探中的井漏及堵漏材料研究

通过对钻探过程中井漏的复杂地质因素分析,提出了水化膨胀复合材料体系,并对该体系进行了膨胀性、封堵性及复合桥接堵漏模拟实验。实验结果表明,堵漏材料PAR具有很强的吸水膨胀性能,可膨胀至原体积的几十倍,且时间快有利于形成快速的封堵。材料PAR与稻谷和锯末形成的复合堵漏材料具有很强的堵塞率,可达70%以上。承压堵漏测量装置中测试表明:复合堵漏体系不仅能形成封堵,而且能够承受一定的压差。在云南临仓市勐简乡铅锌矿钻探过程中,运用复合堵漏体系满足了该地区复杂地矿钻探需要。     

Evaluation of a Quality Control Monitor Material for the Routine Electron Probe Microanalysis of Kimberlite Exploration Garnets

Election probe microanalysis of indicator minerals is extensively used in the exploration for kimberlite deposits, the evaluation of specific kimberlite occurrences for their diamond bearing potential and to classify grains into different chemical and lithological mantle associations. Kimberlite exploration programmes can involve several tens of thousands of indicator mineral analyses. Procedures for monitoring data quality and consistency of analyses across large data sets are commonly absent. Suitable monitor minerals should be used to verify the data quality of kimberlite exploration and evaluation data sets. This material should have a suitable composition, be homogenous, be available in sufficient quantities and have a similar appearance to the unknown samples. Garnet P1, a megacryst garnet from the Premier kimberlite, was found to have a suitable composition as a monitor for kimberlite garnet analyses. Data were collected on the monitor material at regular intervals during routine analyses, over an extended period, both as a fixed grain mounted on the sample holder and as separate grains set within batches of routine samples. The data were evaluated to assess the quality and consistency in the analyses of large data sets over time. The monitor material was also analysed at independent laboratories using their routine analytical set-up and calibration procedures for comparative purposes. Values are given for the mean ± 2s range, which can serve as guide values for acceptable analyses for all elements.