Variability of sediment diatom assemblages in an upland,wind-stressed lake (Loch Fleet,Galloway, S.W. Scotland)

The variability of diatom distribution in an acidified, upland wind-stressed lake (Loch Fleet, Galloway, S. W. Scotland) was assessed by analysis of 28 surface sediment samples and 11 cores. Correspondence analysis (CA) and cluster analysis were used to illustrate the variability of the surface sediment and core samples. There was reasonable uniformity of taxa in most of the surface sediment samples, although 7 samples, as indicated by both CA and cluster analyses were atypical. Most cores recorded clearly the acidification of the lake, although percentages of individual taxa varied up to 20% between cores. Two cores had old, preacidification diatom assemblages (of indeterminate age) close to the sediment surface. These old sediments were probably the source of the re-worked diatoms found in the atypical surface sediment assemblages. Diatom trends, as CA ordinations and pH profiles, were less variable than the surface sediment assemblages. It is argued that non-uniform sediment accumulation rates and diatom deposition cause variability in surface sediment diatom samples. This variability may be reduced in core profiles by homogenization during further resuspension/deposition cycles and burial. Cores, and the associated time component they offer, may be useful in assessing the variability of surface sediment assemblages.     

便携式潮汐观测仪(PET)数据处理研究

介绍了用切比雪夫多项式和最小二乘相结合的数据拟合从重力固体潮观测的秒值提取分钟值和小时值的方法,该方法可以将错误数据自动剔除以得到可靠数据.将提取的数据应用于调和分析,效果良好.     

基于移动端的“智慧城市与地理国情一张图系统”设计及其应用

系统把智慧城市建设与地理国情应用完美结合,形成时空一体、二三维一体的集成多源数据的一张图;开发IPAD版系统,把PC端的数据处理向移动端适时展现。系统具有国情普查数据的展示和分析、专题地图展示、电子地图、三维模型展示、轨迹记录,以及其他GIS基本功能。在屏幕上任意点取闭合图形,就会实时显示选定图形范围内的国情数据及统计分析数据。辅助决策者又好又快地进行科学决策。     

冠层反射光谱对植被理化参数的全局敏感性分析

植被理化参数与许多有关植物物质能量交换的生态过程密切相关,定量分析植被反射光谱对理化参数的敏感性是遥感反演理化参数含量的前提。本文采用EFAST(Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test)全局敏感性分析方法,利用PROSAIL辐射传输模型分析了冠层疏密程度对叶片生化组分含量、冠层结构以及土壤背景等多种参数敏感性的影响,并对植被理化参数反演所需先验知识的精度问题进行了初步探讨。研究表明:(1)对于较为稠密的冠层,可见光波段的冠层反射率主要受叶绿素含量的影响,近红外和中红外波段的冠层反射率主要受干物质量和含水量的影响;(2)对于稀疏的冠层,LAI是影响400—2500 nm波段范围内冠层反射率的最重要参数,土壤湿度次之,叶片生化参数对冠层反射率的敏感性较低;(3)在已知稀疏冠层LAI的情况下进一步确定土壤的干湿状态,可显著提高冠层反射率对叶绿素含量的敏感度,有助于稀疏冠层叶绿素含量的反演。     

长江三峡库区梯田稳定性分析与对策*──以鄂西秭归县为例

三峡库区历史上就是滑坡、崩塌作用强烈的地带,在调查分析秭归县滑坡、崩塌对梯田稳定性的影响的基础上,探讨了四种不稳定梯田培坎的特征、性质和现状,提出了利用优势植物固土护坎等相应的对策。     

Assessing regression‐based statistical approaches for downscaling precipitation over North America

This paper assesses linear regression‐based methods in downscaling daily precipitation from the general circulation model (GCM) scale to a regional climate model (RCM) scale (45‐ and 15‐km grids) and down to a station scale across North America. Traditional downscaling experiments (linking reanalysis/dynamical model predictors to station precipitation) as well as nontraditional experiments such as predicting dynamic model precipitation from larger‐scale dynamic model predictors or downscaling dynamic model precipitation from predictors at the same scale are conducted. The latter experiments were performed to address predictability limit and scale issues. The results showed that the downscaling of daily precipitation occurrence was rarely successful at all scales, although results did constantly improve with the increased resolution of climate models. The explained variances for downscaled precipitation amounts at the station scales were low, and they became progressively better when using predictors from a higher‐resolution climate model, thus showing a clear advantage in using predictors from RCMs driven by reanalysis at its boundaries, instead of directly using reanalysis data. The low percentage of explained variances resulted in considerable underestimation of daily precipitation mean and standard deviation. Although downscaling GCM precipitation from GCM predictors (or RCM precipitation from RCM predictors) cannot really be considered downscaling, as there is no change in scale, the exercise yields interesting information as to the limit in predictive ability at the station scale. This was especially clear at the GCM scale, where the inability of downscaling GCM precipitation from GCM predictors demonstrates that GCM precipitation‐generating processes are largely at the subgrid scale (especially so for convective events), thus indicating that downscaling precipitation at the station scale from GCM scale is unlikely to be successful. Although results became better at the RCM scale, the results indicate that, overall, regression‐based approaches did not perform well in downscaling precipitation over North America. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海夏季风爆发前后亚洲地区的大尺度环流突变

用１９８０—１９８６年的ＥＣＭＷＦ资料分析了南海季风爆发前后大气环流突变的平均特征。结果表明：南海季风的爆发一般发生在５月１０日前后，大气环流出现一次明显突变──高空南亚高压由１０—１５°Ｎ骤然北跳到１５—２０°Ｎ，南海北部西风转为东风；低空南海北部及附近地区西南风迅速加强并向东扩展，而中纬地区的偏北风也相应加强南压，青藏高原东南部到中国长江中下游一带为温度、湿度梯度大值区；中国西南地区出现低压环流。同时，青藏高原东南部及中国东部平原地区对流层大气发生急速增暖，大气热源和水汽汇明显增强。在南海季风爆发后南海北部大气热源亦显著增强，但比风场的突变落后５—１０天，而西沙海温的变化与季风爆发却比较一致。另外，地形对大气热源的分布有一定的影响，青藏高原东南坡的加热对南海季风的爆发可能比较重要。     

地表剥蚀作用对地应力场反演的影响

岩体自重和剥蚀作用都是形成岩体初始应力场的重要因素。在地应力回归分析中，反演所得岩体重度往往大于实测重度。通过算例说明，地表剥蚀作用因素是导致该结果的主要原因，并分析了由此产生的一些工程应用问题。     

含超轻元素Be矿物的电子探针定量分析——测试条件的约束

铍（Be）是战略性资源,属于关键金属。Be在电子探针（EMPA）可分析的元素范围内属于最难测准的一个元素。难测准的原因在于Be属于超轻元素,其特征X-射线不但信号弱、能量低,而且易受其他元素强烈吸收效应的影响,因此硬件上需要EMPA配置大面网间距的特殊分光晶体。而不同厂家不同大面网间距分光晶体配置的EMPA在铍矿物的测试条件存在明显差异,即使同一EMPA测试不同Be矿物分析条件也不一致。尤其是占据国内市场主流的JEOL电子探针目前也只尝试分析过绿柱石一种Be的矿物。本文利用配置LDE3H分光晶体的JXA-8100（JEOL）电子探针,对除绿柱石之外的金绿宝石、硅铍石、硼铍石和锌日光榴石四种Be矿物开展了Be等元素最佳定量分析方法的研发。通过不同铍矿物的全元素扫描,发现与CAMECA电子探针不同,JEOL电子探针不存在Be_Kα峰被Si_L2,3,M1峰干扰问题。同时发现每种含Be矿物Be_Kα峰位存在不同程度的漂移现象,并结合原子轨道杂化及吸收效应等理论对该现象进行了合理的解释。在此基础上,建立起配置LDE3H分光晶体的JEOL电子探针定量分析金绿宝石、硅铍石、硼铍石和锌日光榴石不同Be矿物中Be等元素含量的有效方法。该Be矿物原位分析方法的探索,不仅为JEOL EMPA用户提供Be矿物分析的成熟经验,也必将为铍资源的相关研究和找矿勘查提供有力的技术支撑。

     

珠江口外陆架表层沉积物的地球化学分区

根据249个表层沉积物样品的Ca,Al,N,P,Mg,Fe,Mn,Ti和有机碳的测定数据,利用稳健RQ型主分量分析及Q型聚类分析方法,对珠江口外陆架表层沉积物进行了地球化学分类,并将该陆架区划分成陆源细碎屑沉积区、经叠加改造的残留泥砂质沉积区、生物碎屑沉积区以及高能环境下的石英砂质沉积区。结果表明了稳健统计方法相对于传统统计方法的优越性,以及采用稳健主分量的Q载荷进行聚类分析相对于用原始变量进行聚类分析的优越性。