冲绳海槽黑色与白色浮岩特征及其对岩浆演化的指示

为了认识黑色与白色浮岩的岩石特征及成因,使用人工重砂、元素地球化学等分析技术,研究冲绳海槽两类浮岩中元素及矿物组成特征。研究显示,冲绳海槽黑色和白色浮岩具有相似全岩化学组成,都落入流纹岩区,稀土配分曲线明显呈右倾,具负Eu异常,富集不相容元素,岩石物理性质差别是导致其颜色差异的主要因素。两类浮岩岩石学特征的不同主要体现在:(1)白色浮岩锆石和辉石都具有两种类型,黑色浮岩仅具有其中一种;(2)黑色浮岩中发育钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿与基质构成的珠状构造,且基质玻璃中密集分布磁铁矿雏晶,而白色浮岩不具备上述岩石学特征。综合分析海槽两类浮岩岩石学特征所蕴含的岩浆演化信息,推测两类浮岩具有相同的玄武质岩浆源区,富挥发组分的玄武质母岩浆上升进入地壳,形成初级岩浆房,房内结晶分异后残留的酸性岩浆,沿海槽构造薄弱带向上运移,岩浆运移过程中有少部分进入分支断裂系统形成次级岩浆房,期间初级岩浆房接受多次基性岩浆注入;初级和次级岩浆房中的酸性岩浆分别独立喷出海底,前者形成白色浮岩,后者形成黑色浮岩。此外,演化过程中岩浆性质逐渐由氧化性向还原性转变。     

TiO2/浮石复合材料降解有机污染物亚甲基蓝的实验研究

利用天然浮石的孔隙结构和小比重等特点,以浮石为原料、TiOSO4为TiO2前驱体,采用水热合成法,在200℃、15 h条件下,制备出可漂浮的TiO2/浮石复合材料.采用10×10-5mol/L亚甲基蓝水溶液,在紫外光下进行光催化实验.并用紫外可见分光光度计检测亚甲基蓝浓度变化.实验结果表明,TiO2/浮石复合材料能够降解亚甲基蓝.该材料的孔隙结构对亚甲基蓝有聚集作用,促进了负载的TiO2的光催化性能的发挥.因为成本低廉,性能优越,TiO2/浮石复合材料在有机污染物治理方面具有很大的应用潜力.     

Physical Properties, Morphology and Petrological Characteristics of Pumices from the Central Indian Ocean Basin

About 400 pumice clasts collected from the Central Indian Ocean Basin(CIOB)were studied for their morphology and were classified based on their shape and size.A majority of the samples range between<1 cm and 36 cm and in the Zinggs shape diagram plot in the equant and oblate fields.The Corey Shape Factor for most of the samples is close to 0.7,which is common for volcaniclastic material. The physical properties such as density,specific gravity,void ratio,porosity,moisture content and degree of saturation...     

Sea‐rafted pumice on the Australian east coast: Numerical classification and stratigraphy

Sixteen elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Al, Fe, Mn, P, Co, Cu, Li, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, Zn, determined by atomic absorption) were identified in 453 pumice fragments recovered from Holocene strandplains in southeast Queensland and New South Wales. Eight pumice groups and 13 subgroups are recognised by numerical analysis. Some pumices record known eruptions. Others come from known centres in Tonga and Vanuatu. Several pumice eruptions have occurred from some centres, but there are instances of single episodes. The numerical analyses, combined with carbon dating and soil identification, identify marker horizons in the development of the strandplains. These horizons provide a time‐scale for soil development. Pumice that occurs in middens has an archaeological value. Coke was found with recent pumice. It conveniently identifies the modern industrial age.     

海底浮岩前处理方法的实验研究

为了解海底浮岩气孔充填物对全岩微量元素组成的影响,并获得有效的海底浮岩前处理方法,对冲绳海槽中部的浮岩碎成大于5 cm,1~2 cm及小于5 mm的碎块分别进行前处理,然后通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射光谱(XRD)分析对清洗的效果进行观察对比。结果表明,对大块浮岩直接清洗以及将浮岩碎成厘米级小块后清洗都难以将浮岩气孔内充填的细粒沉积物去除干净,而对浮岩碎成毫米级(5 mm)颗粒后再清洗可以有效清除浮岩气孔内的充填物。本文所确定的一套有效的海底浮岩前处理方法总结如下:(1)将小于5 mm的浮岩颗粒置于超声波清洗机内用蒸馏水清洗,每隔15 min换一次水,直到清洗样品后的水足够清澈;(2)将样品先后浸入无水乙醇和稀盐酸溶液中,分别去除有机质和次生碳酸盐、铁氧化物;(3)将浮岩样品置于40℃超纯水中浸泡7 d左右,并每天换水,直至向上层清液加硝酸银溶液无白色沉淀出现。XRD分析表明,海底浮岩气孔中充填物的矿物组成包括斜长石、石英等。少量的气孔充填物对浮岩全岩的微量元素配分模式影响不大,但会造成Pb、Sr等元素含量的增加,因此可能会对浮岩全岩的Pb-Sr同位素组成造成干扰。     

Type of volcanoes hosting the massive sulfide deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

The Volcanic Sedimentary Complex (VSC) of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) in southern Portugal and Spain, comprises an Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous submarine succession with a variety of felsic volcanic lithofacies. The architecture of the felsic volcanic centres includes felsic lavas/domes, pyroclastic units, intrusions and minor mafic units that define lava–cryptodome–pumice cone volcanoes. The diversity of volcanic lithofacies recognized in different areas of the IPB mainly reflects variations in proximity to source, but also differences in the eruption style. The IPB volcanoes are intrabasinal, range in length from 2 km to > 8 km and their thickest sections vary from ∼ 400 m to > 800 m. These volcanoes are dominated by felsic lavas/domes that occur at several stratigraphic positions within the volcanic centre, however the pyroclastic units are also abundant and are spatially related to the lavas/domes. The intrusions are minor, and define cryptodomes and partly-extrusive cryptodomes. The hydrothermal systems that formed the Neves Corvo and Lousal massive sulfide ore deposits are associated with effusive units of felsic volcanic centres. At Neves Corvo, the massive sulfide orebodies are associated to rhyolitic lavas that overlie relatively thick fiamme-rich pyroclastic unit. In several other locations within the belt, pyroclastic units contain sulfide clasts that may have been derived from yet to be discovered coeval massive sulfide deposits at or below the sea floor, which enhances the exploration potential of these pyroclastic units and demonstrates the need for volcanic facies analysis in exploration.     

长白山天池火山近代喷发物的热释光（TL）年代学初步研究

利用热释光（TL）技术首次测定了长白山天池火山近代喷发浮岩的年 代。测定结果在误差范围内与历史记载及其它测年方法的结果吻合,表明天池火山在最近2000 a来,至少发生了两次碱流质浮岩的喷发,同时也表明用TL方法能比较可靠地测定火山喷发物的年代,为近代火山喷发历史的恢复提供年代学依据。     

长白山天池火山千年大喷发期后火山泥石流沉积特征及其源-汇响应关系

源于长白山天池地区的火山泥石流沉积可分为粗碎屑岩块(岩屑)泥石流和细碎屑浮岩泥石流,它们沿二道白河和松花江水系搬运的路径为从距天池火山口40km的三合水电站经过丰满大坝(360km)和吉林市(380km)到小白旗屯(450km),形成广泛的沉积区域。这两类火山泥石流的沉积成因有两种解释:一是形成于千年大喷发同期,是由一次性洪水事件搬运和沉积形成的;二是形成于千年大喷发期后经过多次搬运和沉积的产物。两个模式的共同问题是都没有考虑天池当时是否有水及其蓄水过程。后一模式在某种程度上,还回避了导致岩屑与浮岩两类泥石流频繁互层的沉积物源和水动力条件以及二者的转换机制,而这恰恰是关于泥石流沉积成因的基本要素。通过重新研究火山泥石流经典剖面(位于天池西北57.73km的水田村),作者发现本区火山泥石流沉积存在明显的物源剥蚀区与沉积堆积区的反剖面关系。即无论是粒径32～500mm的粗碎屑还是0.0625～16mm的细碎屑,成分自下而上(或沉积早期到晚期)呈现规律性变化:剖面下部的碎屑成分以浮岩为主(浮岩在物源区位于顶部),向上粗面岩和玄武岩明显增多(在源区它们位于浮岩之下),而沉积序列上部的碎屑成分是在物源区处于较深层位的岩脉辉绿岩和基底流纹岩。整个序列碎屑成分的沉积分异特征明显。沉积构造和岩相组合特征显示,该火山泥石流剖面的下部和上部碎屑粒度细、分选较好、成层性好、水平状层理发育,主要表现为环境较为稳定的以地面径流为主的河流相和末端扇相背景沉积;中部粒度粗、成层性差、主要表现为突发性洪水作用导致的洪积相事件沉积。沉积序列中频繁出现的冲刷面构造指示水流强度曾出现周期性的快速增加。自下而上冲刷面规模由小变大再变小,指示水流强度由弱变强再变弱。为了探讨天池的积水条件和蓄水过程,作者基于达西定律和质量守恒原理,模拟计算降水量、蒸发量、地表径流量、火山机构整体的平均渗透率和天池积水速率之间的关系。结果显示,当天池火山机构平均渗透率高于6m D(毫达西)时,天池地区降水量减蒸发量即使高达2000mm/y,水亦会全部渗流而出,因此天池不存在积水环境。当降水量减蒸发量小于1500mm/y时,则天池火山体平均渗透率需要小于4m D,天池才可能在200年之内集满现今的水量。当天池降水量减蒸发量小于1000mm/y时,天池火山体平均渗透率需要小于2.5m D,天池才可能在200年之内集满现今的水量。将水田村火山泥石流沉积序列与天池蓄水过程计算结果加以对比,我们提出本区火山泥石流沉积序列的另一种成因解释:(1)这是形成于千年大喷发之后的以地面径流或河流为主的背景沉积与洪水导致的突发性事件沉积互层的序列;上部和下部的细碎屑层主要表现为背景沉积,中部的粗碎屑岩块泥石流主要表现为洪流事件沉积。(2)下部的背景沉积可能对应于天池千年大喷发之后的持续积水过程,时间可能不少于200年;而上部的背景沉积则对应于本区的水系和地貌逐渐稳定并接近于现今条件的稳定型河流沉积。结合天池北坡和西坡古老树木年轮指示的沙松冷杉生长年代(公元1749-1768)同时考虑松柏类植物对水系和地貌稳定性较为敏感等因素,推测上部沉积环境趋于稳定的时间应该不晚于公元十八世纪初。     

风积沙轻骨料混凝土冻融损伤及寿命预测研究

基于浮石轻骨料混凝土为基础, 将不同质量的风积沙作为细骨料替代部分河砂, 研究风积沙轻骨料混凝土冻融损伤机理及服役寿命. 通过室内快速冻融循环试验, 定量分析风积沙轻骨料混凝土的抗冻耐久性能. 在整个冻融循环期内, 相对动弹性模量的变化规律可分为直线下降阶段、 直线+曲线下降阶段、 曲线下降阶段. 以此为基础, 建立轻骨料混凝土直线和曲线双段式相对动弹性模量衰减方程, 依据5组混凝土的抗冻试验结果对方程进行了验证, 并预测其在西部地区的服役寿命. 结果表明: 直线和曲线双段式的相对动弹性模量衰减方程能够准确的反应混凝土冻融损伤劣化规律. 风积沙最优替代率为20%, 可以满足25 a的使用寿命. 损伤模型可为沙漠地区混凝土使用提供一定的理论依据.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO STAGES OF FALLOUT PUMICES DEPOSITS FROM THE MILLENNIUM ERUPTION OF TIANCHI VOLCANO IN CHANGBAISHAN AREA

Tianchi volcano in Changbaishan area is located at the border between China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in China. It has experienced several explosive eruptions in late Pleistocene and Holocene, i.e. 50000aBP eruption, 946 AD eruption, 1668 AD eruption, 1702 AD eruption, 1903 AD eruption. Especially, the 946 AD eruption(also known as "Millennium eruption")of this volcano is considered to be one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the world in the past 2000a. The eruption history and strata sequence of Tianchi volcano have long been the focus of attention. The stratigraphic unit division of fallout deposits in the past millennium is controversial, especially for the heterogeneous trachytic pumices(erupted from the Yuanchi stage)above the off-white pumices(erupted from the Chifeng stage). In this paper, through the detailed field exploration and strata comparation, it was found that there was no depositional interval between the two stage eruptions, or the interval was not long, and thus, it is believed that two stages of fallout pumice should be classified into the Millennium eruption. The off-white fallout pumices in Chifeng stage are relatively homogeneous, with angular shape, normal grading and good sorting. The median size(Md_Φ)and the sorting coefficient(σ_Φ)of Chifeng pumice are in the range of -4.25~-1.3 and 0.93~1.53, respectively. The eruption of Yuanchi stage is in pulsing pattern, and the strata show interbedding of rich khaki pumice layer and rich black pumice layer. The pumices with angular shape show inconspicuous grain grading and good sorting. The median size(Md_Φ)and the sorting coefficient(σ_Φ)of Yuanchi pumice are in the range of -2.55~-0.6 and 1~1.68, respectively. Both the granularities of the pumice particles from two stages are normally distributed and fall into the air-fall field in the median diameter versus sorting diagram. The pumices from 50000aBP and pyroclastic flow of Millennium eruption were also shown in the diagram. Phenocrysts in pumices are mainly feldspar and pyroxene, but the phenocrysts with obvious resorbed characteristic in Yuanchi black pumice are bigger, and the phenocryst contents are a little higher than those in others. Feldspar content in off-white pumice in Chifeng stage was 0.24%~1.77%, that in khaki pumice in Yuanchi stage was 0.2%~7.5%, and that in black pumice in Yuanchi stage was 3.02%~8.0%. The phenocrysts in Chifeng pumice are broken, which represents more violent explosion. The vesicles inside the pumice also reflect the intensity of the eruption. The Chifeng pumices have large, continuous vesicles and thin vesicle walls. The Yuanchi khaki pumices have continuous vesicles but thicker vesicle wall than the Chifeng pumices. The vesicularity is the lowest and the vesicle walls are the thickest in the black pumices in Yuanchi stage, indicating the eruption strength become weaker from Chifeng stage to Yuanchi stage. The Chifeng pumices with SiO₂ content of 69.12~72.71wt%, K₂O content of 4.33~4.52wt%, Na₂O content of 5.26~5.39wt%, Al₂O₃ content of 10.32~11.99wt%, CaO content of 0.29~0.95wt%, MgO content of 0.11~0.51wt%, TiO₂ content of 0.23~0.43wt% are comendite in composition. The pumices from 50000aBP eruption are comendite in composition, and their SiO₂ content(65.56~68.28wt%)is slightly lower than Chifeng pumices. The Yuanchi khaki pumices with SiO₂ content of 62.14~63.29wt%, K₂O content of 5.35~5.7wt%, Na₂O content of 5.35~5.62wt%, Al₂O₃ content of 15.00~15.59wt%, CaO content of 1.06~1.61wt%, MgO content of 0.25~0.57wt%, TiO₂ content of 0.4~0.64wt% belong to trachyte in composition, and are close to the composition of the black pumices on the Tianwen Peak. The Yuanchi black pumices are also trachyte in composition, but have obviously lower SiO₂(59.51~60.59wt%), K₂O(4.39~4.84wt%), and Na₂O(4.94~5.08wt%)content, and higher Al₂O₃(15.81~16.42wt%), CaO(2.78~3.66wt%), MgO(1.43~1.9wt%), TiO₂(1.04~1.4wt%)content than the khaki pumices. The above results show that the eruptive intensity of the Yuanchi stage is weaker than that of the Chifeng stage and the several magmatic compositions of pumices from the Millennium eruption reveal a complex magma system under the Tianchi volcano. The magma layers with different compositions may exist in the magma chamber contemporaneously. At Chifeng stage, only the upper comendite magma erupted, but the magma below erupted in the pulsing pattern at the Yuanchi stage.