常规测井方法识别碳酸盐岩储层裂缝

对于碳酸盐岩储层,裂缝是非常常见并且十分重要的一类储集空间类型。因此,裂缝的识别显得特别重要。利用低成本的常规测井方法识别裂缝是提高碳酸盐岩油田开发能力的重要途径。以新疆某油田为例,通过岩心观察及成像资料与常规测井曲线对比,总结出了几种常规测井在裂缝发育层段的响应特征,并选取典型井段进行实际运用,识别效果良好,证明用常规测井方法来识别裂缝是经济可行的。     

The Interrelationship of Micro-Meso and Macroscopic Structures on the Western Limb of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis, Pakistan

Detailed micro-meso to macroscopic structural analyses reveal two deformation phases in the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis(HKS). Bulk top to NW shearing transformed initially symmetrical NNE-SSW trending meso to macroscopic folds from asymmetric to overturned ones without changing their trend. Sigmoidal en-echelon tension gashes developed during this deformation,that were oblique to bedding parallel worm burrows and bedding planes themselves. Strain analyses of deformed elliptical ooids using the R_f/φ method constrain the internal strain patterns of the NNE-SSW structures. The principal stretching axis(S_3) defined by deformed elliptical ooids is oriented N27°E at right angles to WNW-ESE shortening. The deformed elliptical ooids in sub-vertical bedding vertical planes contain ooids that plunge ~70° SE due to NW-directed tectonic transport. Finite strain ratios are1.45(R_(xy)) parallel to bedding plane and 1.46(R_(yz)) for the vertical plane. From these 2D strain values, we derive an oblate strain ellipsoidal in 3D using the Flinn and Hsu/Nadai techniques. Strains calculated from deformed elliptical ooids average-18.10% parallel to bedding and-18.47% in the vertical plane.However, a balanced cross-section through the study area indicates a minimum of~-28% shortening.Consequently, regional shortening was only partially accommodated by internal deformation.     

构造裂缝产状演化规律表征方法及其应用

针对构造裂缝产状演化规律难以准确定量表征的问题,通过确定研究区裂缝力学性质、岩石力学参数,在恢复古构造形态的基础上,对裂缝形成时期古应力场数值模拟后选择适用性的岩石破裂准则,预测裂缝形成时期的产状分布。提出了造缝期应力场预测古裂缝产状,后期构造活动改造裂缝产状的思路,即通过早期岩层、晚期岩层的三维空间变化规律,建立了不同构造活动时期对应的裂缝空间转换理论模型,利用推导的数学算法,定量分析裂缝的演化规律,进而提高了现今裂缝产状的预测精度。最后,以铜城断裂带东翼阜二段储层为例进行了构造裂缝演化规律定量描述工作,结合构造演化,将阜二段储层构造裂缝演化分为阜宁运动晚期裂缝形成发育、戴南运动期裂缝继承发展、三垛运动期裂缝差异分离3个阶段。     

辽河油田两个斑岩侵入体裂缝特征对比研究

辽河油田东部凹陷中段的黄沙坨和欧利坨子斑岩体相距不到10 km,均侵位于始新统沙河三段下部的碳质泥岩烃源层.地球化学分析表明,两岩体均为粗面斑岩,成分非常一致,很可能在深部相连或来源于同一岩浆房.但两者的储油裂缝系统却迥然不同,欧利坨子岩体发育一套隐爆角砾岩裂缝系统,而黄沙坨岩体则主要发育了火成岩中首次被报道的一套以水平裂缝、波状水平裂缝和剪切裂缝为特征的波状-水平裂缝系统.结合具体地质特征对两类裂缝系统作了对比,并讨论了其形成机制.     

柴达木盆地北缘南八仙背斜深、浅断裂系统耦合分析

柴达木盆地内部发育有丰富的基底和浅层断裂,二者之间的成因机制目前还存在较大争议。文章基于高精度三维地 震反射数据和钻井资料,对柴达木盆地北缘南八仙背斜的深、浅断裂系统的几何形态和相互耦合关系进行了分析。南八仙 地区主要发育两条近EW走向的高角度基底断裂,分别为南倾的马仙断裂和北倾的仙南断裂,都是中生代晚期就开始发育 的老断裂,并在新生代重新活化。在新生界内部还发育NW走向和近EW走向两组浅层正断层体系,断距都很小。NW走向 正断层主要位于马仙断裂南侧（上盘）,呈雁列式排列。近EW走向正断层范围较小,仅局限在南八仙背斜核部、仙南断裂 上部,由一系列近平行的正断层组成,在仙南断裂上部形成一个小型的地堑构造,切割了NW走向的正断层体系。分析认 为NW走向正断层与马仙断裂左旋走滑导致的尾端拉张有关,而近EW走向正断层体系与高角度仙南断裂逆冲活动导致的 浅层剪切拉张有关。综合前人研究成果认为柴达木盆地广泛存在的浅层断裂成因多变,深、浅断裂耦合关系十分复杂,先 存断裂在新生代构造活动中起到了一定的控制作用。     

Effects of stress on the two-dimensional permeability tensor of natural fracture networks

The effects of stress on the 2-D permeability tensor of natural fracture networks were studied using a numerical method (Universal Distinct Element Code). On the basis of three natural fracture networks sampled around Dounreay, Scotland, numerical modelling was carried out to examine the fluid flow in relation to the variations in burial depth, differential stress and loading direction. It was demonstrated that the permeability of all the networks decreased with depth due to the closure of aperture. The permeability approached the minimum value at some depth below which little further variation occurred. Also, differential stress had a significant effect on both the magnitude and direction of permeability. The permeability generally decreased with increasing major horizontal stress for a fixed minor horizontal stress, but the various networks considered showed different behaviours. A factor, termed the average deviation angle of maximum permeability ( A _m), was defined to describe quantitatively the deviation degree of the direction of the major permeability component from the applied major stress direction. For networks whose behaviour is controlled by set(s) of systematic fractures, A _m is significantly greater than zero, whereas those comprised of non-systematic fractures have A _m close to zero. In general, fractured rock masses, especially those with one or more sets of systematic fractures, cannot be treated as equivalent porous media. Specification of the geometry of the network is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for models of fluid flow. Knowledge of the in situ stress, and the deformation it induces, is necessary to predict the behaviour of the rock mass.     

A review of the geodynamic constraints on the development and evolution of geothermal systems in the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (18–28°Lat.S)

ABSTRACT

Geothermal exploration in the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (CAVZ) focuses on heat capacities of known geothermal systems, yet the role of faults, veins, fractures and folds on the evolution and migration of fluids is far from complete. Here, we present a compilation of He and Sr isotope data and newly generated structural maps to examine if particular tectonic configurations are associated with fluids migrating from different crustal levels. Accordingly, we defined three tectono-geothermal environments (T1–T3) depicting specific structural arrangements and spatial relation with geothermal and volcanic manifestations. T1 is dominated by left-lateral strike-slip NW-striking faults, and geothermal and volcanic manifestations occur along the traces of these structures. T2 is dominated by N-striking thrust faults and parallel fault-propagated folds, cut and displaced by NW-striking faults. Here, geothermal manifestations occur at fault intersections and at fold hinges. T3 is defined by left-lateral/normal NW-striking faults, with geothermal and volcanic manifestations lying along fault traces. Each tectono-geothermal environment yields distinctive isotope ratios and geothermal reservoir temperatures. T1 shows high helium and low strontium ratios, and temperatures between 220° and 310°C. T3 shows low helium and high strontium ratios and temperatures between 260° and 320°C. T2 isotope ratios fall between T1 and T3, with lowest (130°-250°C) reservoir temperatures. We argue that these particular isotope signatures are due to a structural control on reservoir location and orientation. The orientation of the fracture mesh genetically associated with each tectono-geothermal environment is a first-order control on the migration pathway of fluids. Our model shows that T1 allows fluxing of deeper fluids, T2 promotes storage and favors longer residence times and T3 enhances subvertical fluid migration. Results here help to explain the evolution of geothermal systems in a wider context, including fault systems and Sr and He isotope variations, thus providing a framework for geothermal exploration in the CAVZ.