冲绳海槽中部8.2ka以来GDGTs组成及温度重建*

异戊二烯类甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂类化合物(isoprenoid Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, isoGDGTs)在海洋奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota)中广泛存在, 其结构对温度变化的敏感性使其成为广受欢迎的古气候与古温度重建材料。在北冰洋和西太平洋气候以及黑潮等多种因素的影响下, 冲绳海槽中部成为研究全新世以来古海洋和古气候变化的天然实验室。本文通过研究C14柱状沉积物的GDGTs组成、含量变化特征及其延伸的86个碳原子的四醚指标(tetraether index of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbons, TEX^H₈₆), 分析冲绳海槽中部的GDGTs来源, 并定量计算C14柱状沉积物记录的海洋表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST), 从而探讨8.2ka以来冲绳海槽中部古温度变化的驱动机制。通过甲烷指数和支链/异戊二烯类指标等, 我们确认isoGDGTs主要来自于氨氧化古菌, 适用于古温度重建。距今8.2ka以来, TEX^H₈₆ SST的变化范围是21.6~27.2℃。冲绳海槽中部SST主要受到西热带太平洋、低纬度冬季日晒量的影响; TEX^H₈₆指标记录的温度上升趋势与东亚夏季风强度的减弱不一致。7.4—6.6ka冷事件广泛存在于冲绳海槽的SST记录中, 但只在TEX^H₈₆数据中显示较大幅度的降低(~5℃), 我们推测可能受到Kikai-Akahoya火山灰(~7.3ka)的影响。     

无证书代理签名方案

为了避免基于身份密码系统中的密钥托管问题和传统公钥密码的证书管理问题,利用双线性对,提出了一种无证书代理签名方案.基于计算Diffie-Hellman困难问题假定,在随机预言模型下证明了方案的安全性.与已有的同类方案的性能进行了比较,结果表明提出的方案在计算代价和通信代价上有一定的优势.     

Sediment colour reflectance spectroscopy as a proxy for wet/dry cycles at Lake El'gygytgyn,Far East Russia,during Marine Isotope Stages 8 to 12

Marine Isotope Stage 11 has been proposed as an analogue for the present interglacial interval; yet, terrestrial climate records from both this region and time interval are rare. The sediments deposited at Lake El'gygytgyn (67°30′N, 172°5′E) in Far East Russia contain a 3·56 Ma record of climate variability. This study presents a high‐resolution record of sediment colour change from Marine Isotope Stage 8 to 12 (ca 275 to 475 ka) and demonstrates the link between lake catchment processes and climate variability. The hue colour parameter, calculated from data collected via colour reflectance spectroscopy in the visible spectrum (380 to 720 nm), exhibits correspondence with global climate records. Determining the source of sediment colour changes was achieved through detailed mineralogical and sedimentological methods, and linked to colour changes through a series of colour sensitivity tests. Mineralogical data, measured by X‐ray diffraction, reveal fluctuations in concentrations of clay minerals corresponding to colour changes. Further analyses of the clay mineral assemblages show no change in relative clay mineral abundances, yet demonstrate a lake catchment dominated by physical weathering processes. Using measured mineral abundances, reconstructions of sediment colour based on colour reflectance mineral standards link mineral and clay mineral content to overall sediment colour. Colour sensitivity tests demonstrate the ability of iron oxide minerals to stain sediments red. Additionally, colour sensitivity to organic matter content was tested, suggesting that organic content drives variability in the red portion of the spectrum and darkens the overall colour signal. Sediment colour is then ultimately linked to physical weathering of bedrock minerals, with small amounts of chemical weathering producing iron oxides during wet intervals. Fluctuations in the sediment colour reveal a high‐resolution record of wet/dry cycles, and provide new information about wet periods for the Russian Arctic region not yet understood from other lake proxy records.     

黄河源地区优云湖相地层环境代用指标反映的古环境变化

通过对黄河源地区优云湖相地层剖面的研究,综合分析了剖面的粒度、碳酸盐含量、磁化率、TOC、N和C/N比值环境代用指标,获得了这一地区中更新世中晚期古湖泊环境变化记录。结果显示该古湖泊465～219 kaB.P.期间可能经历了深湖-滨浅湖-深湖-浅湖-深湖5个湖泊演化过程。465～435.2 kaB.P.期间,降水量较多,入湖径流多,气候比较冷湿,为深湖环境;435.2～367.3 kaB.P.期间,入湖径流减少,湖水水动力减弱,环境温度较低,湖泊营养状态较差,有机物主要是陆源物质,为浅湖环境;367.3～284.6 kaB.P.期间,环境温度逐渐增高,湖泊的营养状态好转,湖泊水体体积逐渐增大,为深湖环境;284.6～228.2 kaB.P.期间湖泊为浅水环境,但环境温度低,湖泊的营养状态差,湖泊水体体积逐渐增加,后期向深湖转变;228.2～219.0 kaB.P.期间,环境温度低,湖泊的营养状态差,湖泊水体体积逐渐增加,为深湖环境。优云地区中更新世中晚期的环境代用指标在约370 kaB.P.和约250 kaB.P.发生突变,这两次突变分别与深海氧同位素曲线MIS11向MIS10转变时期和MIS8向MIS7转变时期相对应,反映该区及青藏高原东北部的气候环境演变特征具有全球变化特征。     

Reconstructing High-resolution Deep-sea Environmental Change: Inorganic Geochemical Proxy Methods of Cold-water Bamboo Corals

The cold-water bamboo coral, dwelling in the depths of global seas, is characterized by the “bamboo-like” skeletal structure of alternating calcite internodes and gorgonin nodes, and has “tree-ring-like” concentric growth rings transversally. Paleoceanograhic reconstructions using bamboo coals would fill the geographic and temporal gaps of traditional means. In this work, the inorganic geochemical proxy methods for bamboo coral are introduced, including Mg/Ca for ambient temperature, Ba/Ca for seawater nutrient content, and δ¹¹B for seawater pH. Also, the potential influences of vital effect on the proxy reconstructions are briefly discussed. With the recent findings of deep-sea bamboo coral forests in the western Pacific region, a new territory of bamboo coral paleoceanography is opened for the scientists from the nearby countries.     

南沙群岛永暑礁晚全新世软体动物记录与古环境变化

对南沙群岛永暑礁南永3井软体动物的丰度、营养结构、化学元素和堆积速率的定量分析表明,晚全新世永暑礁漏湖经历了数次相对开放与封闭、与外海交流时强时弱以及盐度多次显著变化的过程。与氧同位素和北半球晚全新世快速气候事件的进一步对比表明,晚全新世快速变化的气候事件也波及到南海,由此造成的溺湖水动力环境、古盐度和沉积速率的变化深刻地影响着软体动物的发育。基于软体动物的替代指标和氧同位素变化的综合分析,初步划分了晚全新世永暑礁漏湖7个变化阶段。     

多元地球化学指标指示的32～9 ka B.P.罗布泊地区环境及其对全球变化的响应

对位于新疆罗布泊地区罗北洼地的CK-2钻孔柱样,自距顶0.94 m到10.35 m部分,以5 cm间距采样,6个样的质谱,铀系法年龄为32～9 ka B.P.,用仪器-化学分析法得到了样品中Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、cu、Hg、Zn、Mn、Sr、As、Pb、P、Cl和TOC共15种元素的含量.通过对元素含量变化和主成分序列分析,探讨了罗布泊地区在32～9 ka B.P.期间,经历的从末次盛冰期(阶段Ⅰ)、暖干期(阶段Ⅱ)、末次冰期晚期(阶段Ⅲ),到全新世早期(阶段Ⅳ)的不同程度冷湿与暖干的变化阶段.与格陵兰冰芯(GISP2)和深海沉积物氧同位素序列对比结果表明,罗布泊地区经历了MIS3晚期、MIS2和早M1S1早期.在罗布泊环境演化序列中也出现了发生在北大西洋冰漂碎屑的Heinrich事件(H3、H2和H1)和新仙女木(YD)事件,以及快速回暖的D/O事件(IS4、IS3、IS2和IS1).这表明高纬度的大气环流影响到中纬度西风带的强度、相位和位移,制约了我国西北干旱化地区气候环境变化的格局.为此,罗布泊地区的湖相沉积环境不仅记录了受到西风带、青藏高原隆升以及远离东亚和南亚季风影响所具有区域性的冷湿与暖干的水热配置特点,并且还具有全球变化的印迹.     

Temperature and Precipitation Changes in China During the Holocene

We review here proxy records of temperature and precipitation in China during the Holocene, especially the last two millennia. The quality of proxy data, methodology of reconstruction, and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperature and precipitation reconstruction and clarifying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene. The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet. The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP, whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.0-5.0 cal ka BP. There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes. During past two millennia, a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected, but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene. Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age （AD 1400-AD 1900）, but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period （AD 900-AD 1300） was not distinct in China, especially west China. The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China, especially east China. The modern warm period has lasted 20 years from 1987 to 2006. Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium.     

古湖沼学研究揭示湖泊生态系统服务变化的过程

当今在气候变化和人类活动等多重压力影响下,作为地表过程重要组成部分的湖泊生态系统正遭受着巨大威胁,其服务功能急剧退化.如何客观地评价湖泊生态系统服务的现状,并科学地预测其发展趋势,是当前亟待解决的问题.开展长期生态系统服务变化过程与机理的分析,有助于未来生态系统服务变化趋势的预测.然而,现有的观测数据往往时间较短(通常小于50年).连续的湖泊沉积记录为研究生态系统服务变化的长期过程提供了可能.本文结合前人研究成果,列举了可反映湖泊生态系统服务变化的一些古湖沼学指标,依据这些指标相对明确的生态和环境指示意义,将其与各项服务关联起来.最后,结合巢湖实例分析来说明这些指标在评估湖泊生态系统服务方面的具体应用,研究表明当今巢湖生态系统服务供应能力的持续增加是以调节服务的丧失为代价的.尽管目前的研究尚处于起步阶段,但古湖沼学手段无疑为今后湖泊生态系统服务历史状况的评估提供了途径,为古湖沼学的应用提供了一种新的思路,并为今后生态系统的保护和可持续利用提供重要的决策依据.     

Evaluating ice‐rafted debris as a proxy for glacier calving in Upernavik Isfjord,NW Greenland

Records of ice‐rafted debris (IRD) in sediments are commonly used as a proxy for iceberg production and to reconstruct past changes of glacier stability. However, the interpretation of IRD is complex as multiple processes modulate its variability. This study investigates the relationship between IRD variability and glaciological change by measuring IRD records from Upernavik Fjord and comparing these to frontal positions of Upernavik Isstrøm during the past century. Results show that the spatial variability of IRD deposition throughout the fjord is high, indicating that randomness inherent to IRD distorts the calving signal. However, we investigate whether IRD records can be combined to improve the reconstruction, as previously suggested, and show the importance of core site selection and number of cores on this approach. The outer‐fjord core compares relatively well to the observed front positions and this is reflected in the composite record: increased IRD deposition in 1937–1946, 1968–1980, and 1996–1999 occurred during periods of faster retreat. Comparison with climatic records shows that the calving episodes in the late ‘30 s/early ‘40 s and late ‘90 s are related to warm ocean and air temperatures, whereas intensified retreat and calving during the ‘70 s reflects partly an internal glacier response to the fjord geometry.