Assessing the performance of a physically based hydrological model using a proxy‐catchment approach in an agricultural environment

Physically based models are useful frameworks for testing intervention strategies designed to reduce elevated sediment loads in agricultural catchments. Evaluating the success of these strategies depends on model accuracy, generally established by a calibration and evaluation process. In this contribution, the physically based SHETRAN model was assessed in two similar U.K. agricultural catchments. The model was calibrated on the Blackwater catchment (18 km²) and evaluated in the adjacent Kit Brook catchment (22 km²) using 4 years of 15 min discharge and suspended sediment flux data. Model sensitivity to changes in single and multiple combinations of parameters and sensitivity to changes in digital elevation model resolution were assessed. Model flow performance was reasonably accurate with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 0.78 in Blackwater and 0.60 in Kit Brook. In terms of event prediction, the mean of the absolute percentage of difference (μAbs_diff) between measured and simulated flow volume (Qv), peak discharge (Qp), sediment yield (Sy), and peak sediment flux (Sp) showed larger values in Kit Brook (48% [Qv], 66% [Qp], 298% [Sy], and 438% [Sp]) compared with the Blackwater catchment (30% [Qv], 41% [Qp], 106% [Sy], and 86% [Sp]). Results indicate that SHETRAN can produce reasonable flow prediction but performs less well in estimation of sediment flux, despite reasonably similar hydrosedimentary behaviour between catchments. The sensitivity index showed flow volume sensitive to saturated hydraulic conductivity and peak discharge to the Strickler coefficient; sediment yield was sensitive to the overland flow erodibility coefficient and peak sediment flux to raindrop/leaf soil erodibility coefficient. The multiparameter sensitivity analysis showed that different combinations of parameters produced similar model responses. Model sensitivity to grid resolution presented similar flow volumes for different digital elevation model resolutions, whereas event peak and duration (for both flow and sediment flux) were highly sensitive to changes in grid size.     

Typhoon rainfall impact on drip water δ18O in Xianyun cave,Southeast China

Precisely dated high-resolution speleothems may record past typhoon events, however, the state of the art cave monitoring is a prerequisite to identify suitable stalagmites for the reconstruction of such events. With this motivation, we examined the isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and d-excess values) of rainfall, outside river, cave drip water, and an underground river in the Xianyun cave system, located in southeastern China. Monthly to bi-monthly monitoring of environmental and isotopic conditions was conducted for 1 year, from December 2018 to December 2019, including a typhoon event (August 24, 2019 to August 26, 2019), called Bailu. The δ¹⁸O of rainfall samples over the cave and outside river water ranged from −9.7‰ to −1.9‰ and −8.2‰ to −6.3‰, respectively, while the δ¹⁸O of Typhoon Bailu rainfall and instantaneous outside river water ranged from −19.6‰ to −6.3‰ and −10.4‰ to −7.7‰, respectively. Typhoon Bailu-induced rainfall showed distinctly negative δ¹⁸O values as compared to those of the monthly and bi-monthly rainfall, exhibiting a three-stage inverted U-shaped variation characteristic. Four drip water monitoring sites inside the cave revealed low variations during the studied period with average values of −7.8‰, −8.0‰, −8.0‰, and −8.1‰. However, during the typhoon, the drip water δ¹⁸O values exhibited similar characteristic as outside rainfall but with just 0.2‰ negative deviation owing to precipitation amount and drip water source reservoir. The integration of rainfall amount with drip water source reservoir determines the degree to which a typhoon isotopic signature gets diluted during epikarst infiltration. This study provides the first instrumental evidence of typhoon signal in karst system in southeastern China. Our results imply that the δ¹⁸O of drip water in Xianyun cave can instantaneously respond to typhoon rainfall. However, the 0.2‰ shift in drip water δ¹⁸O is difficult to be recorded by speleothems. We suggest multi-year monitoring to ascertain fully if the stalagmites could be used as paleotyphoon proxy.     

高分辨率古环境指示器--湖泊纹泥研究综述

作为高分辨率古环境指示器,湖泊纹泥在重建晚第四纪特别是近代全球环境变化中具有特殊的地位和意义。纹泥携带的各种季节信息反映了区域生物学、地球化学、沉积学对季节性驱动力的响应,而且纹泥本身可以提供反映沉积环境和气候变化的精确计年,近３０年来湖泊纹发展历史表明,纹泥的应用主要集中于以下三个方面：纹波计年、纹泥厚度变化和纹泥沉积物分析,其中纹 精确测年是一切应用的基础。可以看出,在古环境研究中,纹泥作为一     

东亚季风边缘区气候代用指标的分形比较及其意义

利用R/S分析东亚季风边缘区祁连山教德冰心、树木车轮、黄土磁化率、CaCO3含量曲线,得到其分维值分别为1．29、1．30、1．19和1．15,证实近百万年来东亚率风演变的特征是长期持续的,即季风边缘区具有干净化趋势,且旱化趋势的成分更为明显。其中,冰心δ18O比率、年轮指数的分维数与乌鞘岭年平均温度记录的分维值1．25接近,黄土磁化率和CaCO3含量的分维数与年降水量记录的分维值1．19一致。虽然这些气候指标是用不同物理单位测量并在不同时间尺度记录的,但分形分析可对它们进行数学比较,从而揭示出不同信息源所包含的气候意义。     

A proxy record of late Holocene climate change from May Moss,northeast England

Quantitative reconstruction of changes in mire surface wetness has been used to reconstruct proxy climate from an upland ombrotrophic blanket mire on the North York Moors in northeast England (May Moss). Testate amoebae, plant macrofossil and humification analyses were carried out for six peat profiles. Transfer functions are used to generate estimates of water table levels from the testate amoebae stratigraphy, which complement the semi‐quantitative indications of changing surface wetness provided by plant macrofossil and humification analysis. ¹⁴C dates provide the chronology for the stratigraphy. Differences were encountered between AMS ¹⁴C dates on pure Sphagnum remains and radiometric dates on bulk peat from the same horizon, which perhaps arise from the heterogeneity of peat. Replicate palaeoecological analysis of adjacent cores identifies consistency within testate amoebae and plant macrofossil stratigraphies, and reveals a strong agreement between the water table level proxies. The record of hydrological changes at sites across May Moss are in synchrony, and so climate change is the most likely cause of the moisture fluctuations. Changes to a wetter or cooler climate were identified cal. ad 260–540, ca. ad 550–650, cal. ad 670–980, ca. ad 1350–1450, cal. ad 1400–1620 and ca. ad 1700–1800. Periods with a drier or warmer climate precede all of these wet shifts, with particularly dry periods between cal. ad 650–860 and 690–980 and between cal. ad 1290–1410 and 1400–1620. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relative and radiocarbon chronology of two former glaciers in the Chilean Lake District

This paper investigates the relative importance of climatic and topographic factors on the fluctuations of two adjacent palaeoglaciers in the Chilean Lake District. Geomorphological mapping of the landforms around two lakes occupied by the palaeoglaciers has identified a series of intersecting moraine limits and ice-marginal meltwater channels, which allow the relative timing of glacier fluctuations to be established. The broad pattern of advance and retreat is the same in the two basins, with at least one synchronous major advance sometime after 19 500 yr BP, but there is also evidence of discordant behaviour, with one glacier advancing less often and lagging the other glacier during retreat. Seventeen radiocarbon dates suggest a similar chronology to other palaeoglaciers in the Chilean Lake District, but the advance after 19 500 yr BP may have been 1500 ¹⁴C yr later than major advances of palaeoglaciers situated immediately south. The empirical evidence of differential behaviour can be simulated by a glaciological model, which suggests that the differences in glacier response are due to contrasts in basin topography. Contrasts of this magnitude between the timing of some glacier advances has important implications for regional and interhemispheric correlation of Chilean Lake District glacier chronologies to other climate proxy records. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖北辽瓦店遗址地层中多元素指标对古人类活动的记录

用ICP—AES和XRF方法测试了湖北辽瓦店遗址T0709地层中对人类活动有指示意义的元素含量,恢复了夏代以来遗址地层记录的人类活动特征：（1）夏代文化层（250～325cm）时期是整个剖面的最湿热阶段,人类活动对自然环境干扰相对有限,生态系统良好。（2）东周文化层下段（205～250cm）仍是相对湿热的环境,磁化率大幅上升,人类活动的强度加大。其中220cm处的K、Mn、Sr、Ba含量骤降,说明该层段可能因自然灾害等原因曾被废弃。而在205cm处地层中8种元素的含量快速升高,表明在下东周文化层中期人类活动异常频繁。东周文化层上段（120～205cm）气候变冷、风化作用减弱,Pb含量的异常和Cu含量高值暗示遗址有青铜器制造活动的遗迹。（3）明清文化层（70～120cm）时期气候干冷。本期地层中除Cu含量无显著变化外,Ba、Ca、P、Pb、Sr、Mn、K均有高值层位,而且本层位磁化率较高,这表明该时期人类活动的繁荣。同时,本层中含有陶片和瓷片以及较高的Pb含量,说明遗址在明清时期曾有瓷器作坊的历史;而Cu含量的低值则表明青铜器的制造和使用已丧失了原有的地位。     

长江三角洲全新世气候变迁

1 Introduction Global warming and the global-warming-related global environmental problems are receiving increasing attention from scientists, the public and governments of countries. In the coming century anthropological activities may result in further …     

跨平台地图缓存一体化的研究与应用

地图缓存技术是WebGIS中广泛采用的关键技术,然而不同平台的地图缓存应用给数据的生产和维护更新带来诸多不便。针对此问题,从地图缓存的生成算法出发,研究了跨平台地图缓存一体化的技术路线和实现方法,分别探讨了服务器端一体化和客户端一体化2种方式,旨在提高基础数据生成和应用服务的效率,为实现跨平台缓存一体化提供一种可行有效的解决办法。