Large in‐stream wood studies: a call for common metrics

During the past decade, research on large in‐stream wood has expanded beyond North America's Pacific Northwest to diverse environments and has shifted toward increasingly holistic perspectives that incorporate processes of wood recruitment, retention, and loss at scales from channel segments to entire watersheds. Syntheses of this rapidly expanding literature can be facilitated by agreement on primary variables and methods of measurement. In this paper we address these issues by listing the variables that we consider fundamental to studies of in‐stream wood, discussing the sources of variability in their measurement, and suggesting more consistency in future studies. We recommend 23 variables for all studies of in‐stream wood, as well as another 12 variables that we suggest for studies with more specific objectives. Each of these variables relates either to the size and characteristics of in‐stream wood, to the geomorphic features of the channel and valley, or to the ecological characteristics of the riparian zone adjacent to the study reach. The variables were derived from an overview of those cited in the literature and from our collective field experiences. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于点状数据的上海都市型工业空间格局研究

镶嵌于城市地域的都市型工业,有着其独特的区位特征和空间格局。基于2008年上海都市型工业微观企业数据,探讨工业郊区化背景下都市型工业空间分布、集聚特征以及行业间的空间邻近关系。研究表明：上海都市型工业企业区位选择具有中心城区与近郊区双重指向性,在距离城市中心10~20 km区间都市工业分布最密集,空间分布的非均质特征明显。空间集聚以城市内各类园区（商业楼宇、都市工业园、工业园区）为主要载体,集聚格局在行业间存在一定差异。在空间邻近关系方面,各行业间呈现出基于相同要素投入、生产关联、共同市场、政策导向的邻近布局以及基于异质排他性、环境要求的弱邻近布局特征。     

"时空接近"空间自相关模型构建及其应用——以长三角区域经济差异分析为例

地理学第一定律是空间自相关统计学的核心和基石,传统的空间自相关以邻接性或空间距离函数确定空间权重矩阵。但随着快速交通网络变得具有渗透性,空间距离内涵已发生质的变化,"接近"概念有必要从"空间接近"拓展为"时空接近"。基于这一新的内涵,提出"时空接近"空间自相关概念并构建相应计算模型,结合表征时间距离的可达性指标将该模型应用于长三角区域经济差异分析。通过计算全局Moran's I和局域Moran's I,结果表明:在全局空间自相关指标上,"时空接近"空间自相关能更好地揭示地理事物间的关联动态变化。在局域空间自相关指标上,当时间距离截取在合理范围时,邻接性表现出较强的稳健性,但"时空接近"与传统"空间接近"的空间相关性存在较大差异,两者结合能更客观揭示地理事物空间关联的现象和本质。     

Implications of global emission policy scenarios for domestic agriculture: a New Zealand case study

Agricultural GHG mitigation policies are important if ambitious climate change goals are to be achieved, and have the potential to significantly lower global mitigation costs [Reisinger, A., Havlik, P., Riahi, K., van Vliet, O., Obersteiner, M., & Herrero, M. (2013). Implications of alternative metrics for global mitigation costs and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Climatic Change, 117, 677–690]. In the post-Paris world of ‘nationally determined contributions’ to mitigation, the prospects for agricultural mitigation policies may rest on whether they are in the national economic interest of large agricultural producers. New Zealand is a major exporter of livestock products; this article uses New Zealand as a case study to consider the policy implications of three global policy scenarios at the global, national and farm levels. Building on global modelling, a model dairy farm and a model sheep and beef farm are used to estimate the changes in profit when agricultural emissions are priced and mitigated globally or not, and priced domestically or not, in 2020. Related to these scenarios is the metric or GHG exchange rate. Most livestock emissions are non-CO₂, with methane being particularly sensitive to the choice of metric. The results provide evidence that farm profitability is more sensitive to differing international policy scenarios than national economic welfare. The impact of the choice of metric is not as great as the impact of whether other countries mitigate agricultural emissions or not. Livestock farmers do best when agricultural emissions are not priced, as livestock commodity prices rise significantly due to competition for land from forestry. However, efficient farmers may still see a rise in profitability when agricultural emissions are fully priced worldwide.

Policy relevance

Exempting agricultural emissions from mitigation significantly increases the costs of limiting warming to 2 °C, placing the burden on other sectors. However, there may be a large impact on farmers if agricultural emissions are priced domestically when other countries are not doing the same. The impacts of global and national climate policies on farmers need to be better understood in order for climate policies to be politically sustainable. Transitional assistance that is not linked to emission levels could help, as long as the incentives to mitigate are maintained. In the long run, efficient farmers may benefit from climate policy; international efforts should focus on mitigation options and effective domestic policy development, rather than on metrics.     

中国新能源汽车产业创新网络特征及其多维邻近性成因

随着知识经济的发展和创新驱动发展战略的实施,创新网络及其多维邻近性机制已成为政府和学者共同关注的焦点。利用Ucinet软件,从区域、主体性质等维度,刻画了2009—2014年产业快速发展时期的中国新能源汽车专利创新网络特征。运用PLS-SEM模型,探究全国及不同区域创新网络的多维邻近性影响过程及原因。研究发现:(1)与中国新能源汽车产业创新活动集中在大城市和三大城市群不同,其合作创新网络主要集聚在京津冀与长三角地区,珠三角地区的创新网络明显较弱。同时,创新能力欠发达的区域出现了与其数量不匹配的合作创新规模。(2)总的来看,全国创新网络呈现"核心-边缘"结构,国家电网是网络中最重要的创新主体。在京津冀,大型国企集团控制网络,"核心-边缘"结构突出,合作创新最活跃,网络外向程度高。在长三角,区域内主体类型混合多样,"核心-边缘"结构突出,合作创新活跃,网络外向程度较高。在珠三角,民营企业是网络的主要主体,区域网络结构松散,合作创新活跃度低,网络外向程度高。(3)从创新网络的多维邻近性成因看,在全国尺度,组织关系与知识搜寻是全国网络形成的两大动力。在京津冀,国电集团强有力推动跨区域网络形成。...     

No peace for the forest: Rapid,widespread land changes in the Andes-Amazon region following the Colombian civil war

Negative environmental impacts of violent conflict have been observed worldwide. Whether or not active global conflicts are declining in number remains hotly debated, the number of countries entering post-conflict periods is on the rise, and the impact of this transition on land cover changes remains poorly understood. In Colombia, though large-scale armed conflict has concluded, the post-conflict period represents an ongoing threat to forest conservation, putting at risk commitments to meet global conservation goals and even those stipulated in the peace accord. This paper aims to assess land cover change associated with the Colombian conflict in the Andes-Amazon region between 1988 and 2019. First, we use the Landsat archive to map land cover and characterize the spatial patterns of change at the regional level. Second, to empirically identify the effect of conflict on land cover change, we employ a difference-in-difference approach using local conflict events data. During conflict (1988–2011), land cover in the Andes-Amazon remained relatively stable, however during the post-conflict period (2012–2019), the conversion from forest to agriculture increased by 40%. We find that forest cover surrounding conflict events (1 km radius) decreased significantly, on average by ~ 19% during conflict, which accelerated to ~ 30% in the post-conflict period. Similarly, agriculture expansion is most substantial during the post-conflict period, but exclusively in municipalities with population below the 50th percentile. Landscape metrics show that in peripheral municipalities (<50th), agriculture occurs in clumped distributions during the conflict period. Meanwhile, during the post-conflict period, this expansion happens more quickly, with significantly greater agricultural patch sizes than during the conflict period. We conclude that a slow implementation of conservation governance, the emergence of illegal land markets, and illicit land uses (i.e., coca and illegal cattle ranching) may accelerate land cover change in the coming years.     

视觉认知的自适应多级岛屿群空间模式提取

针对当前电子地图显示范围以及人眼视觉分辨能力的限制,该文提出了符合视觉认知规律的自适应多级岛屿群空间模式,基于动态邻近图、最小生成树、最小面积外接矩形等概念设计了岛屿群多级空间模式提取算法。实验结果表明,该方法有效顾及了岛屿群显示的空间尺度,能够自适应地生成符合显示尺度要求的岛屿群多级空间模式,提高了空间模式识别的灵活性和有效性。     

Introducing landscape accuracy metric for spatial performance evaluation of land use/land cover change models

Performance evaluation is a critical step for land use/land cover (LULC) change modelling. It can be conducted through pixel quantity and its geographical location according to majority of current approaches. It is hence important to know to what extent spatial patterns of a given landscape are properly replicated in simulated LULC maps. Therefore, a new validation metric, named as landscape accuracy metric (LAM), is introduced by inspiration from landscape ecology. Unlike pixel quantity validation metrics, model performance is measured by LAM through quantifying spatial patterns including structure, composition and configuration attributes. The functionality of LAM was studied to assess the performance of the built-up change simulation under historical, ecological and stochastic scenarios, applying Cellular Automata Markov model. LAM is a flexible measure such that modellers can apply this metric through adding or eliminating various metrics of their interest in a selective manner and under different environmental circumstances.     

Measuring the relationships between landscape aesthetics suitability and spatial patterns of urbanized lands: an informed modelling framework for developing urban growth scenarios

This study develops an informed modelling approach that follows a bottom-up planning strategy to define plausible urban growth scenarios. In this case, landscape aesthetics suitability of the area was first generated using multi-criteria evaluation method. Then, a buffer zone of 1 km was considered to extract the average values of aesthetics suitability scores surrounding urban patches with medium physical size (10–30 hectares). The averaged values were considered as the dependent variable. In the next step, landscape metrics of these urban patches, as explanatory variables, were also computed to measure compositional and configuration-based attributes of urban clusters. Bivariate associations (Pearson correlation analysis) and statistical relationships (linear regression algorithm) between landscape metrics and their associated aesthetics values were measured and modelled. According to the results, both composition and configuration values are significantly correlated to the dependent variable in which configuration-based attributes depicted a stronger explanatory power.