Methodology and software solutions for multicriteria evaluation of floodplain retention suitability

Extreme flood events often have adverse effects for people living near or within areas at risk. Reactivating morphological river floodplains for flood retention measures can substantially reduce flood wave peaks and the negative flooding consequences. This article accordingly focuses on a methodology for identifying suitable locations for such measures by spatial multicriteria evaluation (MCE). Compromise programming (CP) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are core methodological components. Furthermore, this methodology is based on impact analysis and draws on expert knowledge. This article also deals with software tools that support the operationalization of methodological components. Data harmonization algorithms are implemented as geoprocessing tools. Both CP and AHP are designed as software providing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). While an extension integrates CP into a geoinformation system, AHP is realized as a web application enabling participation of expert practitioners. The methodological components are operationalized through an example on the floodplains of the German river Elbe.     

The value of updating ensemble streamflow prediction in reservoir operations

This study proposes a new monthly ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) forecasting system that can update the ESP in the middle of a month to reflect the meteorological and hydrological variations during that month. The reservoir operating policies derived from a sampling stochastic dynamic programming model using ESP scenarios updated three times a month were applied to the Geum River basin to measure the value of updated ESP for 21 years with 100 initial storage combinations. The results clearly demonstrate that updating the ESP scenario improves the accuracy of the forecasts and consequently their operational benefit. This study also proves that the accuracy of the ESP scenario, particularly when high flows occur, has a considerable effect on the reservoir operations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of the unit hydrograph of a typical urban basin using genetic programming and artificial neural networks

An application of genetic programming (GP) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) in hydrology is proposed, showing how these two techniques can work together to solve the problem of modelling the effect of rain on the runoff flow in a typical urban basin. The ability of GP to include the physical basis of a problem and even to analyse the results is discussed, and a case study is included as an example. We propose a solution to this problem by using an ANN for the prediction of the daily flow due to human activity of the citizens and the use of GP for the prediction of the flow rate resulting from the rain. Finally, it is shown that the methodology can be used to solve similar problems by combining both techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Collapse loads for rectangular foundations by three-dimensional upper bound limit analysis using radial point interpolation method

A three-dimensional kinematic limit analysis approach based on the radial point interpolation method (RPIM) has been used to compute collapse loads for rectangular foundations. The analysis is based on the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the associated flow rule. It is understood that the internal plastic power dissipation function and flow rule constraints can be expressed entirely in terms of plastic strain rates without involving stresses. The optimization problem has been solved on basis of the semidefinite programming (SDP) by using highly efficient primal-dual interior point solver MOSEK in MATLAB. The results have been presented in terms of the variation of the shape factors with changes in the aspect ratio (L/B) of the footing for different values of soil internal friction angle (ϕ). Computations have revealed that the shape factors, s_c and s_q, due to effects of cohesion and surcharge increase continuously with (1) decrease in L/B and (2) increase in ϕ. On the other hand, the shape factor s_γ, due to the effect of soil unit weight, increases very marginally with an increase in L/B up to (1) ϕ = 25° for a rough footing and (2) ϕ = 35° for a smooth footing. Thereafter, for greater values of ϕ, the variation of s_γ with L/B has been found to be quite similar to that of the factors s_c and s_q. The variations of (1) nodal velocity patterns, (2) plastic power dissipation, and (3) maximum plastic shear strain rates have also been examined to interpret the associated failure mechanism.     

多种探空仪数据处理显示软件设计

探空业务可获取30 km高度范围内的温湿压风等气象要素.气象科学研究和高空大气实验中使用的探空仪及探空系统有多种,其数据格式也各不相同,为便于使用和分析数据,需要一套通用的处理显示软件.系统采用可视化编程工具Visual C++进行软件系统的设计,实现多种探空仪数据的统一格式转换,它基于MFC单文档视图结构,利用绘图函数实现探空气象要素的垂直廓线显示,并建立了基于SQL Server 2008的数据库,通过编程实现了对探空数据的存储和查询等功能.     

一种断面测量数据的自动处理方法

断面测量在道路施工和一些需要利用断面数据计算土方的工程中有着广泛的应用。为提高断面测量数据处理的效率,文章采用Visual C++编程语言,编制了可以根据特定需求处理断面测量数据的程序。实践证明,该程序较好地提高了断面测量数据处理的效率和精度,可以为断面测量数据程序化处理提供参考。     

一种混合编程的地固系与空固系坐标变换方法

针对卫星精密定轨中常用的地固系与空固系坐标转换的程序实现问题,该文研究了IERS 2010规范对坐标系转换的定义和步骤,提出了基于C和FORTRAN混合编程技术的程序实现方法:将IAU2006提供的C版本的SOFA天文计算程序和IERS2010规范提供的FORTRAN版本的海潮改正程序制作成静态链接库,并对FORTRAN程序按照C语言的标准进行接口声明,最后使用C语言编写主程序调用静态库实现了坐标变换。实验结果表明,提出的混合编程技术具有实际应用价值和跨平台跨系统的优势,易于推广。     

基于公路单曲线三维坐标计算编程模型

可编程序计算器在公路放样坐标计算没有真正实现数据资源共享和有效连接。本文建立三维坐标计算模型,并对计算进行一一剖析,同时给出其通用的计算公式,为优化组合创造了条件,也为二维计算转三维计算打下了基础。一段曲线起算数据仅一次键入,计算的任意性和无限循环性,使野外放样人员作业效率大大提升,实践表明,该方法是可行的,计算模型是可靠的。     

多尺度边缘动态规划立体匹配算法

目前大多数立体匹配方法都是基于像素处理,而以面向对象的方式进行立体匹配则更加符合人类视觉习惯。该文提出一种面向对象的多尺度递进的立体匹配算法,实现由粗到细的快速立体匹配。首先对参考图进行粗分割获取目标对象,然后针对目标区域采用边缘线动态规划的方法获取视差,再根据精度需求进一步判断该目标是否需要细分以获取更加精细的视差,最后得到有效的视差图。实验证明,这种方法以目标区域为对象避免了从像素级逐一运算,不仅使处理速度加快,而且还能保持有效精度。     

风能资源观测数据省级传输系统

风能资源观测数据省级传输系统是国家风能资源数据库建设项目的一个重要组成系统,是全国风能及其相关数据和产品服务的基础,并已实现了观测数据的业务化传输。该系统由数据收集、收集处理、数据分发、传输监视等4个功能模块组成。数据收集模块功能由Linux下的socket编程实现,可收集实时和历史数据、备份数据、删除过时数据;收集处理模块功能由Linux下的C语言编程实现,可对数据的唯一性、正确性及格式进行检查;数据分发模块功能由Linux下的socket编程实现,可实时分发、失败重发、分发日志记录;传输监视模块具有监视、统计、信息查询和显示等功能。