Nitrogen uptake and primary productivity rates in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB)

Nutrient concentrations, primary productivity, and nitrogen uptake rates were measured in coastal waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight over a two-year period that included measurements from all four seasons. In order to assess carbon productivity and nitrogen demand within the context of the physical environment, the region was divided into three distinct hydrographic regimes: the Chesapeake and Delaware Bay outflow plumes (PL), the southern Mid-Atlantic shelf influenced by the Gulf Stream (SS), and the mid-shelf area to the north of the Chesapeake Bay mouth (MS). Annual areal rates of total nitrogen (N) uptake were similar across all regions (10.9 ± 2.1 mol N m⁻² y⁻¹). However, annual areal rates of net primary productivity were higher in the outflow plume region (43 mol C m⁻² y⁻¹), than along the Mid-Atlantic shelf and in areas influenced by the Gulf Stream (41 and 34 mol C m⁻² y⁻¹, respectively). Rates of net primary productivity were not well correlated with Chl a concentrations and were uncoupled with net N uptake rates. Seasonally averaged annual areal rates of net primary productivity for the Mid-Atlantic Bight measured in this study were higher than those calculated in previous decades and provide important validation information for biogeochemical models and satellite remote sensing algorithms developed for the region.     

四川夏塞银铅锌多金属矿床1号矿体原生晕地球化学特征

四川夏塞银铅锌多金属矿床位于西南"三江"义敦岛弧构造带中段,是与绒伊措岩体密切相关的浅成中低温热液型银铅锌矿床。对夏塞矿区1号矿体9个中段采样分析,通过数理统计分析、分带序列研究、地球化学参数计算、建立剥蚀模型等方法,系统详细地研究了矿体原生晕地球化学特征。研究表明:(1)1号矿体原生晕找矿的主要指示元素:Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Sb、Hg、Cd、Sn,次要指示元素:Bi、W、B、As、Au、Mn;(2)原生晕轴向分带序列为:Hg-Pb-Bi-Sn-Cd-Zn-Cu-As-Ag-W-Au-Sb-Ba-V-Mo-Mn,出现"反分带"现象;(3)成矿过程存在多次叠加,轴向地球化学参数变化曲折,出现多次转折,反应成矿过程复杂。综合各项特征,推测1号矿体深部可能有盲矿存在。     

构造变形对煤储层孔隙结构与比表面积的影响研究

煤的孔隙结构和比表面积不仅影响煤层气吸附与储集能力,而且对气体渗流和扩散有重要的控制作用。通过对芦岭煤矿8,9煤层煤样低温液氮实验,对比分析了原生结构煤和不同变形强度构造煤的孔隙结构与比表面积的变化。结果表明,构造煤的比表面积和总孔体积平均值是原生结构煤的2.95倍和3.84倍。随着煤体韧性变形强度增加,构造煤的比表面积逐渐增大,微孔占比增加,小孔和中孔占比较少,总孔体积变化以糜棱煤为界呈现先增加后减小的特点。     

陕西省略阳县铧厂沟金矿床主矿带地球化学原生晕特征及其地质意义

陕西省铧厂沟金矿是一个主要赋存于海底基性火山喷流细碧岩中的金矿床。在野外地质工作的基础上,对主矿带样品的测试数据进行了数学地质分析和原生晕分带序列计算。结果表明,Au11矿体的原生晕轴向分带序列从上至下为:Hg-Sb-Ni-As-Bi-Cu-Au-Co-Zn-W-Mo-Mn-Pb-Ag-Cd;Au8矿体的原生晕轴向分带序列从上至下为:Cu-Co-W-Au-Ni-Sb-Mn-As-Pb-Bi-Hg-Mo-Ag-Zn-Cd;并提出了主矿带理想原生晕分带序列:Sb-As-Cu-Hg(前缘晕)→Au-Ag-Bi-Pb-W(近矿晕)→Ni-Co-Mn-Mo-Zn-Cd(尾晕)。结合微量元素衬值空间变化规律,建立了2个矿体的原生晕叠加理想模型。Au11矿体在1 150 m中段以前缘晕和尾晕叠加为特征;在1 110 m中段,发育较强的尾晕。Au8矿体在1 150 m和1 070 m中段以前缘晕和尾晕叠加为特征;在1 110 m中段,矿体减薄,近矿晕减弱,发育很弱的前缘晕和尾晕。综合分析认为,Au11矿体到达中下部,向深部仍有一定延伸;Au8矿体已经接近尾部,深部可能存在新的矿体。     

Toxicities of antifouling biocide Irgarol 1051 and its major degraded product to marine primary producers

Irgarol 1051 (2-methythiol-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine) is an algaecide commonly used in antifouling paints. It undergoes photodegradation which yields M1 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) as its major and most stable degradant. Elevated levels of both Irgarol and M1 have been detected in coastal waters worldwide; however, ecotoxicity effects of M1 to various marine autotrophs such as cyanobacteria are still largely unknown. This study firstly examined and compared the 96 h toxicities of Irgarol and M1 to the cyanobacterium Chroococcus minor and two marine diatom species, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Our results suggested that Irgarol was consistently more toxic to all of the three species than M1 (96 h EC50 values: C. minor, 7.71 microug L(-1) Irgarol vs. > 200 microg L(-1) M1; S. costatum, 0.29 microg L(-1) Irgarol vs. 11.32 microg L(-1)M1; and T. pseudonana, 0.41 microg L(-1) Irgarol vs. 16.50 microg L(-1)M1). Secondly, we conducted a meta-analysis of currently available data on toxicities of Irgarol and M1 to both freshwater and marine primary producers based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). Interestingly, freshwater autotrophs are more sensitive to Irgarol than their marine counterparts. For marine autotrophs, microalgae are generally more sensitive to Irgarol than macroalgae and cyanobacteria. With very limited available data on M1 (i.e. five species), M1 might be less toxic than Irgarol; nonetheless this finding warrants further confirmation with additional data on other autotrophic species.     

主成分分析法在林甸Ms5．1地震回顾性预测中的应用

用2005年林甸Ms5．1级地震前后震中附近的地震资料,选择与地震强度有关的3级以上地震频次N、b值、Mf值、C值、和Ac值等6个参量进行主成分分析,实现对上述参量的有效约简。这6个参量之间有一定的相关性,各参量在不同时段的变化各有所异,预报效果并不理想。但是根据主成分分析可以得到反映地震强度的综合指标W,发现该指标在震源区附近出现明显的异常变化,震后异常恢复。表明综合指标W可以较好的反映地震活动的异常特征。     

Response of the shortgrass steppe plant community to fire

Fire is an important driver of ecological pattern and process in grasslands worldwide, although its role in semi-arid systems is less well known. We used published studies and new experimental research to 1) provide a synthesis of existing knowledge of fire in the semi-arid grasslands of the North American Great Plains, and 2) assess the degree of similarity in semi-arid and mesic grassland responses to fire in this region. Based on published studies, burning has neutral to negative effects on aboveground productivity in semi-arid grasslands and variable effects on plant communities. To more rigorously assess fire effects, replicated experimental plots were established in ungrazed shortgrass steppe in northern Colorado and prescribed spring fire was applied in 2006 and 2007, 2006 only, or not at all. Aboveground net primary productivity decreased or remained unchanged with burning. Plant community changes included increases in perennial forbs, decreases in annual grasses and a positive response in annual forbs to the combination of fire and a wet spring in 2007. Combined, these results indicate that post-fire changes in productivity in semi-arid grasslands are neutral to negative, in contrast to positive responses in mesic grasslands, and not strongly negative as previously assumed.     

土层厚度对紫色土坡地生产力的影响

通过紫色土坡地土层厚度的调查与不同土层厚度的小区对比试验,研究紫色土薄层坡地的生产力特性. 结果表明,约73%的紫色土坡耕地土层厚度为20-60 cm.土层厚度是紫色土生产力的基本限制条件.土层越薄, 作物株高、生物量和产量愈低,生产力愈低;土层越厚,生物量、产量愈高,生产力愈高,土层厚度的影响在玉米季尤 为突出,20 cm、40 cm小区夏玉米产量仅为60 cm小区的50%、74%,为80 cm小区的28%、40%,100 cm小区的23%、34%.当土壤厚度超过60 cm,小麦、玉米的株高、生物量及根重差异不显著,而土壤蓄水可抵御紫色丘陵区连续20 d的夏旱,因此,可初步判定60 cm土层为紫色土生产力临界土层.60cm以上厚度的紫色土可维持基本稳定的生产力水平.     

北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆晚第四纪生源沉积物及其古海洋学意义

通过北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆M03孔晚第四纪以来生源沉积物,有孔虫丰度和冰筏碎屑(Ice．Rafted Detritus,IRD)的综合研究表明,海洋氧同位素(Marine Isotope Stage,MIS)7期以来,碳酸钙(CaCO )含量和浮游有孔虫丰度在间冰期的增加和冰期的降低,分别指示大西洋水输入的加强和减弱。而有机碳(TOC)和生源蛋白石(Biogenic Opa1)含量的变化可能主要与输入到海底的TOC降解和Opal溶解作用与底层水中的溶解氧有关。间冰期低的TOC和Opal含量可能反映楚
科奇海盆海冰覆盖减少,营养盐供给多,表层生产力增加,通气作用好,底层水富氧,降解和溶解作用增强,保存在沉积物中的TOC和Opal减少;而冰期相对高的TOC和Opal含量可能反映楚科奇海盆海冰覆盖时间较长,营养盐供给少,表层生产力较低,通气作用差,底层水少氧,降解和溶解作用减弱,保存在沉积物中的TOC和Opal增多。     

油气初次运移理论新探

应用渗流力学的基本原理,研究油气初次运移的机制问题。研究认为,油气的初次运移是以连续相、而不是以溶液相和扩散相的形式进行的;油气初次运移的动力是浮力,因而初次运移的方向是向上的;油气初次运移所需的时间与源岩的渗透能力有关,与油气的粘度有关,还与源岩的厚度有关;油气藏的异常高压是一种暂时的压力状态,气藏的异常高压多于油藏,新生油气藏多于古油气藏;油气初次运移的通道就是源岩的粒间孔隙,源岩的非均质性和微裂缝对油气初次运移十分不利,因形成微油气藏而降低油气运移效率;源岩的厚度越大,越有利于油气聚集;“倒灌”现象是不存在的,缺少基本的动力驱动,基岩油气藏的形成是二次运移过程中侧向运移的结果。初次运移与二次运移具有相同的动力机制、运移相态和运移方向,因而两者是完全统一的。