塔里木盆地克拉2特大型气田流体包裹体特征及油气成藏作用

储层液体包裹体测试分析是研究油气运移、成藏时间和期次和问题的一种非效的方法,克拉２气田储层流体包裹体类及其丰度统计分析表明,烃类包裹体丰度与储层含油气必一之间具有明显相关性,根据包裹体产状,均一温度和包裹体成分拉曼光谱分析结果发现,油气在成岩早期就开始注入,并一直保存在储层中,直到后期才裂解成干气,有机包裹体均一温度表现为一个主峰,盐水包裹体均一温度有三个区间（峰值）,其中第一个峰值与有机包裹体一     

1969年渤海7.4级大震前后的区域地震活动图象

分析与总结了１９６９年渤海Ｍ７．４大震前后地震活动图象特征,包括大震序列的时空分布及前兆地震活动图象特征、大震等距迁移、主要间隔缩短、共轭断层蠕滑、小震成带、诱发前震现象,地震触发响应系数异常十分显著。指出地震相互作用和自组织性为中长期地震预报提供了可能。     

断陷盆地多次运移成藏的有机地球化学研究

油气运移一直是石油地质学中的重要理论问题, 也是该领域中的难题.以济阳拗陷东北部沾化凹陷中的几个油田为例, 根据原油及烃源岩有机地化分析结果, 特别是生物标志物的组成, 划分原油类型, 进行油源对比, 以探讨断陷盆地中油气多次运移和成藏的特征.研究证明: 沾化凹陷中渤南油田的形成与三次油气运移和成藏过程有关; 位于边缘断裂带的垦西油田是油气交替通过输导层作侧向运移和通过断层作纵向运移聚集的结果; 孤岛类型的古潜山油田的形成主要与油气从老第三纪油藏向上进行第三次运移有关.在断陷盆地内部以侧向运移和充注为主多形成单源油藏, 在断裂带以垂向充注为主常形成混源油藏.油气的多次运移与盆地中断裂活动的长期性和多期性有关.      

孙虎地区埋藏史分析及与油气关系研究

埋藏史研究是含油气系统研究的核心内容 ,是研究油气的生、运、聚及成藏过程的关键。在区域背景分析的基础上 ,定量计算了孙虎地区各地层单元的剥蚀厚度 ;通过压实、剥蚀恢复动态地分析了源岩层的埋藏史 ;结合源岩生烃门限分析 ,分析了单井和平面上源岩的生、排烃期。认为孙虎地区存在 3种类型的埋藏史 ;由于二次沉降的幅度小 ,未能超过第一次沉降的幅度 ,所以本区不存在二次生烃问题     

塔里木盆地和田河气田碳酸盐岩储层的多期次多来源油气聚集特征

高成熟度演化地区的海相碳酸盐岩储层易受到油气演化的影响 ,油气的聚集在储层中都留下了踪迹 ,既有对储层储集性能的改善有利的一面 ,也有对储层形成伤害的一面。对和田河气田的碳酸盐岩储层薄片观察、凝析油气的地球化学分析和储层沥青分析表明 ,主要有 3期油气运移 ,分别为 :晚加里东期—早海西期、晚海西期和喜山期。前两期都是寒武系来源的油气 ,均被生物降解或散失 ,喜山期是天然气的关键聚集时期。第一期以油相运聚的油气被降解 ,形成的沥青对储层造成了伤害 ,第二期以气相运移的油气多散失 ,仅在储层中留下凝析油 ,第三期油相运移的石炭系来源的油受到后期转移上来的寒武系干气的气侵 ,产生沥青质沉淀 ,使得寒武系凝析油被封堵 ,储层产出的凝析油的地球化学特征更接近石炭系源岩。     

U.S. Intercounty Migration in the 1990s: People and Income Move Down the Urban Hierarchy

Internal migration within the United States continues to transform both the magnitude and composition of population at all geographic scales. During 1994 ‐ 1995, the majority of counties gained both people and income, largely as a consequence of net outmigration by higher income migrants from the nation's most populous cities. Regionally, net gainers of both people and income included counties in the West and South as well as other areas renowned for environmental amenities. Spatially, net migration flowed down the urban hierarchy from large central cities to adjacent suburbs which, in turn, exported migrants to exurban areas. Large cities tended to exchange migrants with nearby counties as well as other large cities. Migration patterns such as these are contributing to spatial deconcentration and economic disparity.     

季节冻土区高速公路路基土中的水分迁移变化

在季节冻土区,路基水分迁移变化是道路冻害最积极活跃的因素.在路堑段,不管地下水位埋深大小,冻结期间水分都向路基上部路床迁移,但其特征有所不同.线路气候条件和路基土质条件都对水分竖向的迁移和冻胀大小有重要影响.这种竖向迁移,导致路基上部土层产生强烈冻胀作用.水分的它向迁移(包括路肩坡面、失效的排水沟、路面裂缝和中央隔离带等)也可能是产生道路冻害的不可忽视的因素.道路修建以后,其路基土的干湿状态可能比当初设计状态严重恶化,从而产生冻害.     

DF1-1底辟区构造应力场及渗流场演化的数值模拟研究

DF1-1底辟区是莺歌海盆地内超压流体最活跃的地带之一.超压流体的活动直接受控于构造应力及其形成的不同类型的断裂和裂隙构成的输导系统.从底辟区大规模流体垂向活动以及幕式活动的特征来看, 流体流动的动力主要是由于垂向压差的存在以及渗流场变化引起的局部应力场(包括热应力场) 的作用所致.在详细研究底辟区的构造及流体活动关系的基础上, 对底辟区构造应力场及渗流场的演化进行了模拟.结果显示: 构造运动引起的应力场决定了DF1-1底辟区油气沿主要断裂系走向迁移的总趋势, 在底辟区流体从底辟的两侧向其中心运移, 由底辟体中向上运移为主; 高压流体产生的热应力控制局部应力场状况及油气运移方向, 驱动流体向底辟体顶部运移, 当热应力值过大时有可能改变应力场状况以及油气运移总趋势.      

Influence of melt‐freeze‐cycles on the radionuclide transport in homogeneous laboratory snowpack

Radionuclides released to the environment and deposited with or onto snow can be stored over long time periods if ambient temperature stays low, particularly in glaciated areas or high alpine sites. The radionuclides will be accumulated in the snowpack during the winter unless meltwater runoff at the snow base occurs. They will be released to surface waters within short time during snowmelt in spring. In two experiments under controlled melting conditions of snow in the laboratory, radionuclide migration and runoff during melt‐freeze‐cycles were examined. The distribution of Cs‐134 and Sr‐85 tracers in homogeneous snow columns and their fractionation and potential preferential elution in the first meltwater portions were determined. Transport was associated with the percolation of meltwater at ambient temperatures above 0 °C after the snowpack became ripe. Mean migration velocities in the pack were examined for both nuclides to about 0.5 cm hr^?1 after one diurnal melt‐freeze‐cycle at ambient temperatures of ?2 to 4 °C. Meltwater fluxes were calculated with a median of 1.68 cm hr^?1. Highly contaminated portions of meltwater with concentration factors between 5 and 10 against initial bulk concentrations in the snowpack were released as ionic pulse with the first meltwater. Neither for caesium nor strontium preferential elution was observed. After recurrent simulated day‐night‐cycles (?2 to 4 °C), 80% of both radionuclides was released with the first 20% of snowmelt within 4 days. 50% of Cs‐134 and Sr‐85 were already set free after 24 hr. Snowmelt contained highest specific activities when the melt rate was lowest during the freeze‐cycles due to concentration processes in remaining liquids, enhanced by the melt‐freeze‐cycling. This implies for natural snowpack after significant radionuclide releases, that long‐time accumulation of radionuclides in the snow during frost periods, followed by an onset of steady meltwater runoff at low melt rates, will cause the most pronounced removal of the contaminants from the snow cover. This scenario represents the worst case of impact on water quality and radiation exposure in aquatic environments.     

Coupled influence of flow velocity and water temperature on grass carp swimming behaviour and gonad development

Reproductive migration is an essential phase in the life of many fish. During this process, swimming behaviour and gonad development are key factors related to the migration quality, and both factors are strongly influenced by water temperature and flow velocity. Many studies have explored the separate effects of these variables on fish swimming ability or gonad development, but researchers have seldom investigated the simultaneous effects of low flow velocity and water temperature on the fish swimming behaviour and gonad development. To provide that knowledge, we conducted laboratory experiments that explored the coupled effects of low water temperature and flow on warm water fish swimming behaviour and gonad development. At five temperatures (16, 18, 20, 22, and 24°C), we observed the movement of migratory warmwater grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) at seven flow velocities (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 m/s), then explored their gonad development by comparing the level of plasma 17β-estradiol and testosterone in fish travelling through a simulated fish way (flow stimulation) and in a fish tank (no flow stimulation). We used Bayesian networks to explore the acceptable hydrological condition for fish migration. We found that the minimum flow velocity for acceptable migration quality is a function of the water temperature, and that increasing water temperature improves fish movement success and increases the movement distance, especially at a low flow velocity. In addition, increasing water temperature (between 16 and 24°C in this experiment design) can enhance the effect of flow stimulation on gonad development. Overall, our results can broaden the understanding of reducing water temperature and flow velocity in fish swimming behaviour and gonad development, provide basic data to support hydrological process controls and the development of measures to protect fish migration.