基于贝叶斯网络分类的遥感影像变化检测

遥感成像过程中,地面、大气等诸多要素的不确定性和波段之间的相关性等原因影响了分类精度,导致变化检测的不准确性。为了提高分类精度往往需要引入先验知识。贝叶斯网络是一种新的数据表达和推理模型,对数据没有严格的正态分布前提要求,通过动态地调整先验概率密度,能有效提高分类精度。以北京通州地区1996-05-29和2001-05-19两个时相的陆地卫星Landsat TM遥感影像为例,介绍了基于贝叶斯网络的分类算法,并在此基础上实现了两个时相遥感影像的变化检测。实验结果表明:基于贝叶斯网络分类算法的后分类比较变化检测方法是遥感影像变化检测的一种新的有效方法。     

Sedimentary and faunal events revealed by a revised correlation of post‐glacial Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) strata in the Welsh Basin,UK

The discovery of a previously unrecognized unconformity and of new faunas in the type Llandovery area underpins a revised correlation of Hirnantian strata in mid Wales. This has revealed the sedimentary and faunal events which affected the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh Basin during the global rise in sea level that followed the end‐Ordovician glacial maximum and has allowed their interpretation in the context of local and global influences. In peri‐basinal shelfal settings the onset of post‐glacial deepening is recorded by an unfossiliferous, transgressive shoreface sequence (Cwm Clyd Sandstone and Garth House formations) which rests unconformably on Rawtheyan rocks, deformed during an episode of pre‐Hirnantian tectonism. In the deep water facies of the basin centre, this same sequence boundary is now recognized as the contact between fine‐grained, re‐sedimented mudstones and an underlying regressive sequence of turbidite sandstones and conglomerates; it is at a level lower than previously cited and calls into question the established lithostratigraphy. In younger Hirnantian strata, graptolites associated with the newly recognized Ystradwalter Member (Chwefri Formation) demonstrate that this distal shelf unit correlates with the persculptus graptolite‐bearing Mottled Mudstone Member of the basinal succession. Together these members record an important macrofaunal recolonization of the Welsh Basin and mark a key event in the post‐glacial transgression. Further deepening saw the establishment of a stratified water column and the imposition of anoxic bottom water conditions across the basin floor. These post‐glacial Hirnantian events are consistent with the re‐establishment of connections between a silled Welsh Basin and the open Iapetus Ocean. However, a comparison with other areas suggests that each event records a separate deepening episode within a pulsed glacio‐eustatic transgression, while also reflecting changes in post‐glacial climate and patterns of oceanic circulation and associated biotic flux. British Geological Survey © NERC 2009. All rights reserved.     

Post‐orogenic sediment drape in the Northern Pyrenees explained using a box model

The transition to a post‐orogenic state in mountain ranges has been identified by a change from active subsidence to isostatic rebound of the foreland basin. However, the nature of the interplay between isostatic rebound and sediment supply, and their impact on the topographic evolution of a range and foreland basin during this transition, has not been fully investigated. Here, we use a box model to explore the syn‐ to post‐orogenic evolution of foreland basin/thrust wedge systems. Using a set of parameter values that approximate the northern Pyrenees and the neighbouring Aquitaine foreland basin, we evaluate the controls on sediment drape over the frontal parts of the retro‐wedge following cessation of crustal thickening. Conglomerates preserved at approximately 600‐m elevation, which is ~ 300 m above the present mountain front in the northern Pyrenees are ca. 12 Ma, approximately 10 Myrs younger than the last evidence of crustal thickening in the wedge. Using the model, this post‐orogenic sediment drape is explained by the combination of a sustained, high sediment influx from the range into the basin relative to the efflux out of the basin, combined with cessation of the generation of accommodation space through basin subsidence. Post‐orogenic sediment drape is considered a generic process that is likely to be responsible for elevated low‐gradient surfaces and preserved remnants of continental sedimentation draping the outer margins of the northern Pyrenean thrust wedge.     

Tectonic inversion assessed by integration of geological and geophysical data: The intracontinental Rio do Peixe Basin,NE Brazil

Common basin models assume that the post‐rift tectonic evolution of most basins is usually associated with tectonic quiescence. However, tectonic inversion during the post‐rift phase has been proposed for several sedimentary basins worldwide, but how and why it happens is still a matter of debate, especially in intracontinental settings where the lithosphere is old and thick. Here, we use geological and geophysical data from the Rio do Peixe Basin in NE Brazil to show evidence that intracontinental sedimentary basins can be tectonically inverted by far‐field compressive stresses acting on pre‐existing weakness zones of lithospheric‐scale where stresses can concentrate and inversion can occur. Geomorphological and field data combined with seismic reflection, gravimetric and borehole data show that: (a) inversion occurred along two main Precambrian lithospheric‐scale shear zones, the Patos (E‐W trending) and Portalegre (NE‐SW trending), which had already been reactivated as basin‐bounding faults during the earlier rift stage; (b) post‐rift reactivation affected (mostly) the original master normal faults with the largest rift displacements, and locally produced new reverse faults; (c) during contraction, deformation was partitioned between fault reactivation and buckling of the incompetent sediment pushed against the hard basement; (d) all these signs of inversion have been observed in the field and can be demonstrated on seismic reflection profiles; and (e) combined gravimetric and seismic data show that the main structures of the basin were followed by an inversion. These data are consistent with the operation of WSW‐ENE horizontal maximum compressive stress as a result of combined pushes of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (towards the W) and the Andes (towards the E), responsible for the post‐rift oblique inversion of normal faults inherited from the rift phase and formed with vertical maximum compressive stress.     

桩底后压浆技术研究

介绍了桩底后压浆技术,通过向桩底进行注浆可消除孔底沉渣的不利影响,并提高单桩承载力;通过工程实例分析表明,在卵石层中其灌浆机理主要表现为渗透灌浆,其承载力由３部分组成,即桩身部分的摩擦力、固结体部分的摩擦力和固结体的底部阻力。     

Determination of the seismic performance factors for post‐tensioned rocking timber wall systems

Post‐tensioned technologies for concrete seismic resistant buildings were first developed in the 1990s during the PREcast Seismic Structural Systems program. Among different solutions, the hybrid system proved to be the most resilient solution providing a combination of re‐centering and energy dissipative contributions respectively by using post‐tensioned tendons and mild steel reinforcement. The system, while providing significant strength and energy dissipation, reduces structural element damage and limits post‐earthquake residual displacements. More recently, the technology was extended to laminated veneer lumber (LVL) structural members, and extensive experimental and numerical work was carried out and allowed the development of reliable analytical and numerical models as well as design guidelines. On the basis of the experimental and numerical outcomes, this paper presents the evaluation of the seismic performance factors for post‐tensioned rocking LVL walls using the FEMA P‐695 procedure. Several archetype buildings were designed considering different parameters such as the building and story height, the type of seismic resistant system, the magnitude of gravity loads and the seismic design category. Lumped plasticity models were developed for each index archetype to simulate the behavioral aspects and collapse mechanisms. Non‐linear quasi‐static analyses were carried out to evaluate the system over‐strength factor; moreover, non‐linear time history analyses were performed using the incremental dynamic analysis concept to assess the collapse of each building. From the results of quasi‐static and dynamic analyses the response modification factor, R, system over‐strength factor, Ω₀, and deflection amplification factor, C_d, values of, respectively, 7, 3.5 and 7.5 are recommended. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

古亚洲洋俯冲板片断离与后造山伸展：贺根山缝合带火山岩年代学和地球化学证据

本文以出露于贺根山缝合带迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩北侧的乌兰拜其白音高老组流纹岩- 粗面岩为研究对象,通过野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学、锆石U- Pb年代学研究,探讨岩石成因类型、构造环境和古亚洲洋俯冲板片断离与后造山伸展过程。岩石地球化学研究表明, 乌兰拜其地区白音高老组流纹岩具有较高的SiO 2、Al 2O 3、K 2O和Na 2O+K 2O含量,以及较高的Ga/Al比值,相对贫CaO、MgO、Sr、Ba、Eu、Ti和P,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾海鸥式分布,负铕异常显著。该区粗面岩属于钾玄岩系列,具有高碱(Na 2O+K 2O)、高K 2O、高Al 2O 3、低TiO 2,富集Rb、Ba、U和轻稀土元素, 亏损 Nb、Ta 和 Ti,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾式分布。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,乌兰拜其地区白音高老组流纹岩为迪彦庙- 白音布拉格蛇绿混杂岩带早白垩世后造山A型花岗岩浆的喷出相- A型流纹岩,其形成于后造山伸展构造环境;粗面岩为后造山型钾玄质火山岩,与洋壳俯冲作用有关,形成于俯冲板片断离- 后造山伸展构造背景。流纹岩和粗面岩锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb同位素测年,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为140. 4±1. 2Ma和134. 9±1. 1Ma,表明白音高老组流纹岩- 粗面岩喷发于早白垩世,反映了贺根山缝合带早白垩世后造山A型花岗岩浆- 钾玄质岩浆作用事件。结合贺根山缝合带的壳幔电性结构特征和晚古生代蛇绿岩- 岛弧岩浆岩、中生代后造山A型岩浆岩的时空分布与演化关系,认为根山缝合带三叠纪- 早白垩世后造山伸展岩浆作用与古亚洲洋俯冲板片断离作用有关,提出了该区后造山A型花岗岩浆- 钾玄质岩浆作用的俯冲板片断离- 后造山伸展地球动力学模式。     

四川汶川8.0级地震地下流体异常分析

汶川8.0级地震引起了社会广泛地关注,产生了地震能否预测的疑问以及汶川地震前是否出现了异常的讨论,震后一些学者对前兆资料进行了研究总结,本文在前人研究的基础上仅对地下流体异常进行了分析,认为汶川地震前存在着一些地下流体异常,本文从中期异常、短临异常、同震及震后调整这几个方面对水氡、水位、水温、流量资料进行了分析研究。通过对中期异常的识别及提取,认为采用从属函数方法定量提取异常效果较为理想。     

Behaviour of hatchery‐reared and wild‐caught 4th and 5th stage American lobsters,Homarus americanus

Behavioural deficiencies in 4th and 5th stage hatchery‐reared lobsters were examined using time budget analysis and predator trials. Hatchery‐reared 4th stage lobsters were found to behave differently than wild‐caught lobsters and differences existed between hatchery‐reared lobsters from different sources. Local hatchery‐reared 4th stage lobsters spent less time on shelter and suffered higher predator rates in laboratory trials than both wild‐caught 4th stage and lobsters reared in a hatchery in Maine. Fifth stage hatchery‐reared lobsters spent significantly more time in shelter than their wild‐caught counterparts. These differences may be attributable to the lack of development of proper predator‐avoidance behaviour and need to be understood and corrected to maximise the effect of enhancement projects.     

气井水力压裂有效缝长评估及影响因素研究

为了准确确定气井压后有效缝长及其影响因素,提高川西须家河气藏水力压裂针对性,对于具备生产历史拟合条件的气井,利用数值模拟软件进行了生产历史拟合获得有效水力裂缝缝长,与采用净压力拟合方法获得的水力裂缝支撑缝长进行对比和拟合,获得了有效缝长和支撑缝长的关系式,计算了川西须家河储层单井压后有效缝长;采用灰色关联分析理论分析了各个参数对有效缝长的影响程度和对压裂设计的启示。结果表明：压后有效缝长与支撑缝长具有较强相关性(Le=00584 Lp1359 3),有效缝长明显比支撑缝长短;施工参数(特别是用液量)是影响须家河储层有效缝长的关键,而储层和隔层间应力差则是影响有效缝长的重要客观因素。该研究方法为水力压裂压后评估和提高压裂设计水平提供了较好的借鉴。