三维激光扫描技术

介绍了三维激光扫描技术原理和点云的拼接方法,给出了三维激光扫描技术和控制测量相结合的坐标转换,从而获得扫描目标的当地坐标,并对精度进行了分析。     

地图易读性度量公式的改进

分析了原地图易读性度量公式在反映易读因素发生微小变化时的灵敏度不高的缺陷后,修改了点线符号差异函数式、面状域差异函数式和层面反差函数式的幂指数,使幂指数由1/3改为1/4,实现了提高公式反映地图易读因素微小变化灵敏度的目的。     

基于改进模糊统计分析模型的概念层次分类规则研究

在数据挖掘和知识发现的研究过程中,往往需要对大量的数据进行概念层次分类处理,现广泛使用的方法是通过经验知识或主观判断进行处理,由于知识背景和经验层次的不同,导致不同的人对同一批数据同一问题提出不同的规则知识,加大了对规则知识进行合理性评估的难度。基于此问题,对传统的基于模糊统计分析模型的概念层次分类方法进行改进,首先,通过专家系统获取各模糊样本集,根据离散化的样本属性值及其相对隶属频率值对,进行RBF神经网络训练;然后,利用训练好的神经网络求取各模糊集的最模糊点;最后根据最模糊点获得各模糊集的区域划分,从而实现概念层次的分类处理,避免了传统方法处理过程的复杂性和主观性。     

摄影测量系统精度测试新方法

根据经纬仪测量系统点位真实精度的经验值和分别用工业摄影测量系统与经纬仪测量系统测量出的点位进行公共点转换得出的差值,来估计工业摄影测量系统测量的点位精度,从而提供一种检测工业摄影测量系统精度的新方法。分别使用INCA3与Nikon D2H相机试验,发现INCA3相机的精度大约是Nikon D2H精度的2倍。     

古建筑激光点云-模型多层次一体化数据模型

目前,主流的激光点云数据模型仍以散乱点组织为主,且点云与模型分开组织。本文应古建筑激光点云处理建模的数据组织需要,通过点云、模型的关联组织和古建筑层次编码等方法,创建了古建筑激光点云-模型多层次一体化数据模型。并通过实例应用进行了验证,效果较好,为点云的复杂数据组织提供了借鉴。     

一种基于机载点云的DEM生成方法研究

DEM即数字高程模型,是通过有限的地形高程数据实现对地面地形的数字化模拟。DEM具有许多生产方式,作为直接获取对象表面点三维坐标的现代对地观测技术,机载激光扫描在DEM构建方面具有很大优势。因此,本文研究了一种基于机载激光点云数据的DEM生成方法,该方法的关键在于机载点云的地面滤波处理。本文提出了一种改进的渐进三角网滤波方法,通过计算各点坡度以及邻域范围内的高差最大值,进行直方图统计分析,实现高度及角度阈值的自适应估计。将本文结果与人工滤波及布料滤波方法进行对比分析。实验结果表明,本文方法的结果更加贴近人工滤波处理效果,可有效提高DEM生成的精度。     

TIME-HARMONIC VIBRATION OF AN INCOMPRESSIBLE LINEARLY NON-HOMOGENEOUS HALF-SPACE

In this paper, time-harmonic axisymmetric vibration of an incompressible viscoelastic half-space having shear modulus linearly increasing with depth is studied. The half-space is subjected to a vertical time-harmonic load on its surface. Numerical results concerning surface displacements due to a point force are given for the case of non-zero shear modulus at the surface. Hankel's transforms of the solutions have an infinite number of poles lying on the real axis of the complex plane in the non-dissipative case. A suitable contour of integration is used to avoid all the singularities. Calculations are performed for the dynamic as well as for the static case. In addition, vertical vibrations of a rigid disk on the considered half-space are investigated, and the influence of the non-homogeneity on the dynamic stiffness of the loaded area is demonstrated.     

Heavy metals in the hydrological cycle: Trends and explanation

This paper reviews the major sources and transport characteristics of heavy metals in the hydrological cycle. It is demonstrated that heavy metal releases to the environment have changed from 19th and early 20th century production-related activities to consumption-oriented factors in more recent times. The relative roles of particle size, sorption and desorption processes, partitioning and the chemical speciation of heavy metals on fine sediments are identified to understand the likely fate of heavy metals released into fluvial systems. It is argued that the spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in the river corridor depends not only on an understanding of metal solubility and speciation, but also on an understanding of sediment dynamics which control, for example, floodplain alluviation and the accumulation of metals in the bottom sediments of contaminated rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Existing long- and short-term records are examined to identify the current state of knowledge about the factors which affect heavy metal releases into aquatic environments. With limited exceptions, it is shown that few long-term studies of trends in heavy metal transport are available although, for some major rivers, limited data on trends in metal concentration exists. Palaeolimnological reconstruction techniques, based on an analysis of lake and reservoir sediments, are identified as a possible means of supplementing monitored records of heavy metal transport. Although numerous studies have suggested that trends in atmospheric contamination, mining and urbanization may be identified in the bottom sediment record, other research has shown that the radionuclide-based chronology and the heavy metal distribution within the sediment are more likely to be a function of post-depositional remobilization than the history of metal loading to the basin. Despite these limitations, it is shown that the incorporation of reservoir bottom sediment analysis into a heavy metal research programme, based in river corridors of Midland England, provides an opportunity to identify and quantify the relative contribution of point and non-point contributions to the heavy metal budget and to relate trends in metal contamination to specific periods of catchment disturbance.     

北斗广域差分分区综合改正数定位性能分析

目前北斗广域分米级星基增强系统在钟差改正数、轨道改正数的基础上,提出了基于相位观测值的分区综合改正数,介绍了分区综合改正数的概念及单频、双频用户的使用方法与定位模型。利用中国范围不同地区的北斗观测数据和对应的分区综合改正信息,统计了单频和双频用户分区综合改正精密单点定位的精度,并对其收敛性进行了分析。通过与使用GFZ提供的北斗超快速精密星历的定位效果比较,验证了分区综合改正定位在实时定位中的优势。在此基础上进一步对中国范围内分区综合改正定位效果与分区中心距离的关系进行了分析,并对不同观测时间长度的定位效果进行比较。结果表明,经分区综合改正后的双频用户平均25 min内动态定位三维误差能收敛至0.5 m以内,收敛后的定位精度为水平0.15 m,高程0.2 m;单频用户平均20 min内动态定位三维误差能收敛至0.8 m以内,收敛后的定位精度为水平0.3 m,高程0.5 m。随着用户站距离分区中心越远,定位效果总体呈现变差的趋势。总体上,当用户在分区中心1 000 km范围内时,北斗广域分区综合改正数将能提供实时分米级定位服务。     

激光雷达在当阳至远安铁路勘测设计中的应用

激光雷达航空摄影测量技术的迅速发展对空间数据的采集显示出整体发展趋势,并转化为更有效的采集方法。结合激光雷达摄影技术在当阳至远安地形铁路设计勘测实例,解决了航线设计中的技术问题,对GPS数据、点云数据等进行分析,其数据质量满足铁路设计要求。利用激光雷达摄影技术,其地形地貌数据能有效地服务于铁路设计。