A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle

Using a three-dimensional (3-D) transport model of the troposphere, we calculated the global distributions of ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ ), taking into account removal of NH₃ on acidic aerosols, in liquid water clouds and by reaction with OH. Our estimated global 10°×10° NH₃ emission inventory of 45 Tg N-NH₃ yr^– provides a reasonable agreement between calculated wet NH ₄ ⁺ deposition and measurements and of measured and modeled NH ₄ ⁺ in aerosols, although in Africa and Asia especially discrepancies exist.NH₃ emissions from natural continental ecosystems were calculated applying a canopy compensation point and oceanic NH₃ emissions were related to those of DMS (dimethylsulfide). In many regions of the earth, the pH found in rain and cloud water can be attributed to acidity derived from NO, SO₂ and DMS emissions and alkalinity from NH₃. In the remote lower troposphere, sulfate aerosols are calculated to be almost neutralized to ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄, whereas in the middle and upper troposphere, according to our calculations, the aerosol should be more acidic, as a result of the oxidation of DMS and SO₂ throughout the troposphere and removal of NH₃ on acidic aerosols at lower heights. Although the removal of NH₃ by reaction with the OH radical is relatively slow, the intermediate NH₂ radical can provide a substantial annual N₂O source of 0.9 _–0.4 ^+0.9 Tg, thus contributing byca. 5% to estimated global N₂O production. The oxidation by OH of NH₃ from anthropogenic sources accounts for 10% of the estimated total anthropogenic sources of N₂O. This source was not accounted for in previous studies, and is mainly located in the tropics, which have high NH₃ and OH concentrations. Biomass burning plumes, containing high NO _x and NH₃ concentrations provide favourable conditions for gas phase N₂O production. This source is probably underestimated in this model study, due to the coarse resolution of the 3-D model, and the rather low biomass burning NH₃ and NO _x emissions adopted. The estimate depends heavily on poorly known concentrations of NH₃ (and NO _x ) in the tropics, and uncertainties in the rate constants of the reactions NH₂ + NO₂ N₂O + H₂O (R4), and NH₂ + O₃ NH₂O + O₂ (R7).     

Capacity evaluation of statnamic tested long piles

A procedure that uses the structural damping (SD) concept for estimating the capacity of a pile based on the Statnamic (STN) pile load test results, formerly used by the authors for short piles, is extended in this paper for the STN tested long piles. Similar to segmental unloading point method procedures for long piles, the shaft length is divided into several segments and each segment is assumed to behave as a mass of a single degree of freedom. The SD concept is then applied to each segment to consider the displacement related soil damping instead of the velocity dependent damping. Instrumented strain gauge data at different levels of the shaft are required for the interpretation method. Three case studies are presented in this paper to study the validity and applicability of the present method. The predicted results are also compared to the available test or analytical data.     

工业测量中平行光管定向法的试验研究

介绍平行光管法的有关概念,利用实验室内的稳固水泥测墩及控制点,研究平行光管法确定起始方向线的误差及其引起的点位位移与图形变形间的关系,指出在高精度工业测量中,使用平行光管法及图形变形理论可提高工业目标测量精度。     

多边形裁剪算法的完善

针对VisualC ++环境下多边形裁剪算法实际应用中出现的问题 ,分析了其产生的原因 ,给出了具体的解决方法。同时指出可以通过判断矢量多边形面积的正负值将多边形的顶点按照顺时针或逆时针方向排序。     

外空扰动引力计算方法的内在联系

利用算子运算的方法，对求定外空扰动引力的Bjerhammar方法、虚拟点质量方法以及虚拟单层密度方法进行了系统地归纳；利用Possion核的再生特性及球谐函数的正交性质，给出了它们之间的换算关系；最后从两个方面分析了实用计算中各种方法的优劣。     

全球定位系统(GPS)技术的最新进展第五讲利用双频GPS观测值建立电离层延迟模型

介绍了电离层的概况，GPS信号在电离层中的传播，电离层改正模型以及利用GPS双频观测值来建立电离层延迟或VTEC模型的原理、方法和结果。     

GIS中DEM产品精度的分析和评价

从视觉上和统计上，对3个目前国内主流的GIS软件的DEM产品作了精度分析，给出了其DEM的精度评价结果，对实际生产有一定的参考价值，有助于对软件的DEM产品质量形成一定的认识。     

用Visual Basic编制宗地图绘制程序

对宗地图绘制程序的开发过程进行了阐述,并介绍了其应用实例。     

GPS卫星星历的精度分析

利用全球GPS永久性跟踪站WUHN(武汉)站在SA取消前后五天的广播星历文件计算得到在视卫星的位置和钟差，与事后IGS精密星历提供的卫星位置和钟差进行比较分析，说明SA取消对广播星历的影响。     

Measuring Seismic Waves Induced by Large Earthquakes with GPS

Independent GPS position solutions at 1-sec interval, derived from the International GPS Service (IGS) data and orbit÷clock products, clearly show seismic waves generated by the magnitude 7.9 Denali Fault, Alaska earthquake of November 3, 2002. Surface seismic waves with periods of about 20 sec and amplitudes of up to 20 cm were detected up to 4,000 km from the epicenter. This confirms the previous findings reported by Larson et al. (2003); we use additional station data along with different processing software and strategies. The seismic waves from the May 26, 2003 magnitude 7.0 Japanese earthquake were also observed in the 1-sec position solution series at station MIZU, about 80 km from the epicenter. This earthquake, however, could not be detected by GPS at station USUD, about 410 km away. Similarly, the Algerian May 21, 2003 earthquake of magnitude 6.8 could not be detected by GPS at the nearest IGS station located approximately 800 km from the epicenter.