大震作用下板式楼梯框架弹塑性地震反应分析

有关大震作用下楼梯与框架共同工作方面的研究还很少,采用结构有限元软件Midas/Gen,对一个5层钢筋混凝土现浇板式楼梯框架办公楼模型进行了弹塑性分析,对模型在大震作用下的受力情况进行了详细研究.通过对楼梯和框架共同工作性能的研究,并与不考虑楼梯影响的框架的工作性能进行了对比,分析了板式楼梯框架的失效机制和受力特点,指出了楼梯与框架共同工作时的受力不利部位.结果表明:楼梯相较于框架梁柱是模型的薄弱部位;模型的失效是从楼梯发展到框架,由下层发展到上层.最后根据模型的失效机制特点提出了相应的抗震措施.     

云母石英片岩蠕变模型参数选择研究

根据三轴蠕变试验曲线的特点,建立了云母石英片岩七元件线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型,采用最小二乘法对蠕变柔量时间曲线和应变时间蠕变曲线进行拟合确定蠕变模型参数,讨论了确定蠕变模型参数的影响因素及参数的合理性与可用性。结果表明:由于受到分级加载次数、初次加载应力值和加载时间的影响,两种曲线拟合确定的参数各不相同;云母石英片岩蠕变模型的非线性较明显;蠕变柔量时间曲线拟合确定的参数不予采用,应变时间蠕变曲线拟合确定的参数在各级应力水平下变化规律不明显;采用某种单一方法确定蠕变模型参数不够全面,建议采用综合辨识法,这样才能保证岩土工程中蠕变数值分析结果的正确合理性以及施工设计的安全可靠性。     

挡土墙主动土压力塑性临界深度的解析解

墙后塑性区的临界深度问题一直没有得到很好解决,传统计算公式仅适用于一些特殊情况。基于极限平衡理论,视墙后填土为服从Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的理想弹塑性材料,假定塑性区的一族滑移线为直线即平面滑裂面,提出弹性覆盖层取代传统的张拉裂缝,建立了较为完善的滑楔分析模型,采用极限平衡法推导了在一般情况下的塑性临界压力、临界深度以及塑性区可能最大深度的解析解。计算结果表明,塑性临界深度的解析解与目前文献采用迭代计算的结果完全一致,传统计算公式是该解析解的一个特例。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的隧洞围岩变形研究

由于在许多实际条件下,比如节理岩体中,线性的M-C准则不太适用,非线性的Hoek-Brown比较适用,因此,可以尝试使用这一非线性屈服准则对洞室变形进行研究。研究隧洞变形时,将围岩分为弹性区、应变软化区、塑性流动区。采用Hoek-Brown准则和非关联流动法则对洞室变形进行了理论推导;软化区域围岩参数随着塑性变形增加而变化,解析法难以求得应力,采用龙格－库塔方法进行数值计算,求解得到塑性软化区和流动区半径,并最终求得洞室变形。通过算例计算表明,在不考虑软化区和流动区时,方法和Carranza-Torres计算结果相差甚小;随着原岩应力的增加,膨胀角对洞室变形的影响增大。     

岩石嵌固掏挖基础抗拔承载特性及其影响因素研究

岩石嵌固掏挖基础目前已经广泛应用于电力基础工程中。原状土由于受扰动较小,胶结性强,具有良好的抗剪强度,对掏挖基础抗拔承载力具有重要影响,因此研究原状土参数变化对基础上拔承载性能的影响规律具有重要意义。结合现场试验,建立数值模型,研究土体黏聚力、内摩擦角、弹性模量对基础上拔承载性能的影响规律。研究表明:土体内摩擦角和黏聚力对基础抗拔承载力具有较大影响,而弹性模量影响程度较低;参数的变化对土体塑性区发展规律影响较小。     

花岗岩残积土填料路用工程特性室内试验研究

为了研究花岗岩残积土的路用工程特性,通过击实试验、承载比CBR试验、固结试验以及室内基床系数试验分析了该类材料压实性能及基本力学特性,对压实度为92%的最优含水率和饱和压实土样进行了循环加载试验,研究了动力荷载作用下土体的变形特性。结果表明,花岗岩残积土在K为91%～97%时压实功效率较高,提高压实度对于增强土体局部抗变形能力较为有效;采用室内三轴法得到的基床系数K30值为188.25 MPa/m;最优含水率下花岗岩残积土动力变形稳定性较好,但含水率增加会大幅度增加土体塑性变形,降低土的动弹性模量,不利于变形稳定。所以作为路堤填料,应考虑作为受气候与动荷载影响较小的下路堤备用填料,作为铁路路堤本体及公路上、下路路床填料,应在进行土性改良且满足要求的论证基础上取舍。研究成果可为花岗岩残积土填料的工程应用及土体改良提供技术参考。     

基于Ls-Dyna的高能射流式冲击器活塞杆回程应力分析

针对在钻探实践中高能射流式冲击器的活塞杆频繁出现尾部塑性变形严重影响冲击器工作性能和整体寿命的现象,拟对活塞杆进行优化改进。利用非线性动力学仿真软件Ls-Dyna对活塞杆的回程撞击缸体进行数值模拟和优化分析,并进行了室内试验,结果表明：冲击末速度为4 m/s,活塞杆回程撞击缸体强制停止运动瞬间,尾部产生的应力集中值为3 339.28 MPa,导致其破坏;优化改进后,活塞杆上下端直径比为17/16、尾部圆弧直径为60 mm,活塞杆体内的应力集中值为1 419.66 MPa,较改进前活塞杆的应力集中值减小58%。试验验证表明,优化后的活塞能大幅提高使用寿命和耐久性。     

Ice- and cryogel-soil composites in water-retaining elements in embankment dams constructed in cold regions

There are a number of serious problems connected with building and repairing water-retaining elements in embankment dams in cold regions. One of them is the difficulty in finding inexpensive clay materials with the necessary structural properties and using them in the winter. Another is the cracks that appear in the upper part of a dam when the core freezes to the banks, and leakage along the cracks threatens to destroy the dam. Still another is the process of erosion at the bottom of the core which may occur through fissures in the rock foundation of a dam and in transport constructions. Also, the behaviour of water-retaining elements during earthquakes is unreliable. All of these problems can be solved by using ice- and cryogel-soil composites created by cryotropic gel formation (CGF). Our laboratory investigations demonstrate that the materials proposed for water-retaining elements have the necessary permeable, plastic, thermophysical, and strength properties to solve all of these problems. Certain constructions of water-retaining elements which may prove to be both safe and cost-effective are proposed. However, these ice- and cryogel-soil composites need to be field-validated before they are used in dams and transport structures in cold regions.     

Public concern about,and desire for research into,the human health effects of marine plastic pollution: Results from a 15-country survey across Europe and Australia

Marine plastic pollution is caused by humans and has become ubiquitous in the marine environment. Despite the widely acknowledged ecological consequences, the scientific evidence regarding detrimental human health impacts is currently debated, and there is no substantive evidence surrounding public opinion with respect to marine plastic pollution and human health. Results from a 15-country survey (n = 15,179) found that both the European and Australian public were highly concerned about the potential human health impacts of marine plastic pollution, and strongly supported the funding of research which aims to better understand its health/wellbeing implications. Multi-level modelling revealed that these perceptions varied across socio-demographic factors (e.g. gender), political orientation, marine contact factors (e.g. marine occupation and engagement in coastal recreation activities) and personality traits (e.g. openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness). Quantifying attitudes, as well as understanding how individual-level differences shape risk perception will enable policy makers and communicators to develop more targeted communications and initiatives that target a reduction in marine plastic pollution.     

Physical and chemical effects of ingested plastic debris on short-tailed shearwaters, Puffinus tenuirostris, in the North Pacific Ocean

We investigated the plastics ingested by short-tailed shearwaters, Puffinus tenuirostris, that were accidentally caught during experimental fishing in the North Pacific Ocean in 2003 and 2005. The mean mass of plastics found in the stomach was 0.23 g per bird (n = 99). Plastic mass did not correlate with body weight. Total PCB (sum of 24 congeners) concentrations in the abdominal adipose tissue of 12 birds ranged from 45 to 529 ng/g-lipid. Although total PCBs or higher-chlorinated congeners, the mass of ingested plastic correlated positively with concentrations of lower-chlorinated congeners. The effects of toxic chemicals present in plastic debris on bird physiology should be investigated.