地图投影在《新疆资源经济地图集》中的设计

地图的数学基础包含了地图投影方式,在地图集设计中以地理空间数据集为基础,通过对各种多源数据的分析、处理、加工,使多源数据投影变换到一个统一地理坐标系中,达到数据使用的统一性。简要介绍了地图投影的原理及投影变形对地图的影响,阐述了在专题地图设计中选择确定地图投影的方式和对投影转换的应用。     

一种快速确定具有抵偿面的任意带坐标系的方法

文章对高斯投影变形原理进行了简要分析,介绍了具有抵偿面的任意带坐标系的设计原理,并根据目前的线路工程设计精度要求,提出一种确定具有抵偿面的任意带坐标系的新方法,以供同行参考。     

从Google Earth上获取精确定位DOM的探求

随着社会生产力的飞速发展,各行各业对正射影像(DOM)的需求越来越大,但传统的正射影像制作成本较高,工期也相对较长。而Google Earth上的影像几乎覆盖了全球所有大中城市及周边地区,且局部地区的有效分辨率可达0.5 m以上,但其定位偏差较大。本文着重研究了如何从Google Earth上获取精确定位的DOM。     

高斯投影复变换的数值计算方法

高斯投影复变换的数值计算简单快捷,具有重要的工程应用价值.从数值计算角度出发,使用计算机代数系统Mathcad,Matlab以及Mathematica对高斯投影复变换进行了改进:只需建立正算变换计算式而不再需要建立反算变换计算式.对于复方程,利用系统的求根函数直接求解.对于复积分,研究了积分级数分析法、椭圆积分函数法及...     

Volume 111 Index

Abstract

Concepts related to alternative map projections can be difficult to explain to students given the diversity and complexity of available projections. Students frequently have trouble understanding how distortions caused by the choice of a projection can affect map readability and comprehension. Programs available for personal computers now provide geography and cartography instructors with a method for interactively educating students concerning the distortions associated with alternative map projections. Such software can be incorporated into laboratory assignments in introductory geography courses or in more advanced courses that deal with map design or thematic cartography.     

CMIP3气候模式对北疆气候变化模拟评估及未来情景预估

利用北疆地区1961～2000年气温、降水观测数据和CMIP3(phase 3of the CoupledModel Inter-comparison Project)提供的20个海气耦合模式在该地区的模拟结果,评估了各气候模式对北疆地区降水、气温的模拟效果。结果表明:各气候模式对气温、降水模拟效果差异较大。从对气候平均态的模拟来看,有5个模式对降水的模拟相对较好,2个模式对气温的模拟相对较好;所有模式均能模拟出气温的年内变化特征,其中MPI_ECHAM5模式结果与观测数据结果最为接近;但各模式对降水的模拟效果均较差。在月尺度上,一些模式结果与降水观测数据呈负相关性,但对于月气温,大多数模式与其相关性较好,且各模式间月气温均方根误差变化幅度相对较小。综合来看,大部分气候模式在该地区模拟能力比中国东部地区要弱;气候模式的降水数据包括多模式集合数据还不适合用于未来北疆地区降水变化预估分析。最后,采用累计分布函数法(CDF_S)仅对北疆地区2011～2050年时段的气温进行偏差校正与预估分析,结果表明未来40年北疆地区气温在三种排放情景下均呈上升趋势。     

A Simulation of the Upper-Tropospheric Temperature Pattern in BCC_CSM1.1

A simulation of the upper-tropospheric temperature (UTT) by the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1 (BCC_CSM1.1) model is evaluated through a comparison with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. It is shown that this model has the ability to simulate the climate pattern of the UTT in all four seasons. The spatial correlation on the climatological distribution between the simulation and the observation is 0.92, 0.93, 0.90, and 0.93 for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The first leading mode of the UTT in the simulation agrees with that in the observation, except that the simulated second leading mode corresponds to the observed first leading mode in spring. The standard deviation distribution of the simulation is also roughly consistent with the observation, with a pattern coefficient of 0.82, 0.78, 0.82, and 0.82 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The potential UTT change in the second half of the 21st century under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario is examined. The prominent change is that the summer UTT will increase over Eurasia and decrease over the North Pacific compared with the present, indicating that the zonal thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific will be strengthened within the context of future global warming. The intensity of the interannual variability of the UTT over the Asian-Pacific region is also generally increased. The zonal thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific will tend to be enhanced in winter, concurrent with the intensified interannual variability.     

南极地区气候系统变化: 过去、现在和将来

 南极科学委员会（SCAR）下属的"南极与全球气候系统（AGCS）计划"专家委员会发布了"南极与南大洋气候系统（SASOCS）"白皮书,重点评估了过去50 a南极地区气候系统的变化并预估了未来100 a情景。白皮书总体认为,过去50 a南极气候系统变化表现出很强的区域特征。南极半岛地区升温明显,半岛及亚南极岛屿上的冰川均处于退缩状态;南半球环状模（SAM）转为正位相,西南极上空的暖湿气团入侵加强,南极冬季对流层有升温趋势,平流层变冷,极涡消退日期推迟;东南极外围的南极底层水变淡,Weddell海区的底层水有变暖趋势。虽有上述区域变化,整个南极地区在过去50 a中近地面气温并无明显升高,降水亦无明显增加。自20世纪80年代以来海冰面积也无明显变化,只在某些扇区变化强烈。模式预估结果为：到21世纪末南极内陆地区将增暖（3.4±1.0）℃, 海冰面积将缩小约30%。现有的冰盖模式尚不足以回答未来气候变暖情景下冰盖融化与海平面变化之间的定量关系,有待更深入研究。     

21世纪中叶的中国大陆气候：华北干旱还会持续吗？

Since no consensus has been reached in previous studies about how the summer climate in China will evolve in the first half of the 21st century, this issue is addressed here through sensitivity experiments by forcing an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)’s Atmospheric Model Version 2.0 (AM2) with projected sea surface temperature (SST) trend. A total of two SST trends from the Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES) A1B are used. The two trends are from two coupled climate system models, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate System Model Version 3.0 (CCSM3) and the GFDL Climate Model Version 2.0 (CM2), respectively. Results consistently suggest a substantial warming and drying trend over much of China, with a surface air temperature increase of 1.0-2.0oC and a 10%-20% decrease in rainfall. Exceptions are the areas from northwestern China to western North China as well as the southern Tibetan Plateau, which are projected to be wetter with a rainfall anomaly percentage increase of 10%-50%. The drying in eastern North China has not been documented to date but appears to be reasonable. Physically, it is attributed to anomalous northeasterly winds at the rear of a low-level cyclone over the South China Sea, the Philippines and the subtropical western North Pacific. These conditions, which govern the climate of eastern China, are forced by the northward shift of convection over warm waters due to additional warming.     

一种基于ERDAS IMAGINE的80坐标系栅格数据投影变换方法

通过对地图投影原理的分析,提出了将我国目前通用的80坐标系所采用的IAG75椭球进行投影变换的方法。解决了由于IAG75不是国际通用椭球而引起的无法实现数据互通共享的问题。此方法利用ERDAS IMAGINE的扩展库自定义新的投影椭球,用自定义的投影椭球对栅格数据成功地进行了投影变换。