利用小震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数方法及其在唐山地震序列中的应用

根据成丛小震发生在大震断层面及其附近的原则,将模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法结合,给出了利用小震密集程度求解主震断层面走向、倾角、位置及其误差的稳健估计方法,在此基础上考虑区域构造应力参数,给出了估计在已求得的断层面上的滑动角的方法.该方法还可用于小震活跃地区活断层走向、倾角和滑动角的确定.将这种方法用于唐山地震序列,采用2002年4月1日至2006年5月31日发生在地震破裂区的精定位地震目录,求得了唐山地震、滦县地震、宁河及卢龙断裂带的断层面走向、倾角、位置及滑动角参数.与前人给出的断层面解进行比较,发现利用小震精定位资料和区域构造应力场得到的结果与前人采用其他资料和方法得到的结果近似,验证了这种方法的有效性.另外,本研究首次发现滦县地震区东部的小震呈北东-南西向条带状成丛发生,可精确刻画为一条断裂带,较为精确地确定了此断层的走向、倾角和滑动角.该断裂及宁河断裂在唐山地震序列发生时是否破裂需要运用其他资料进行验证.     

Influence of discontinuities and clay minerals in their filling materials on the instability of rock slopes

To assess the influence of discontinuities and clay minerals in their filling materials on the instability of rock slopes, seven rock slopes along the margin of Ganjnameh–Shahrestaneh Road, Hamedan Province, Western Iran were selected, and the physical and mechanical properties of their rocks and discontinuities were determined. By statistical studies of the discontinuities, rock slope stability analysis has been performed using kinematic and limit equilibrium methods so that safety factors for the rock slopes can be calculated. Also, sampling of filling materials and X-ray diffraction tests have been done to identify the clay minerals in the filling materials. The lithologies of the studied rock slopes are granite, diorite and hornfels. The presence of discontinuities and weakness planes with different orientations and clay minerals in filling materials of discontinuities are effective factors that cause plane, wedge and toppling failures in the rock slopes. Clay minerals as filling materials of discontinuities in the studied rock slope facilitate their instability by two different methods. First, absorption of water by infilling clay minerals causes the friction angle of discontinuity surfaces that leads to plane and wedge failures to be reduced. Second, water absorption causes the swelling of clay infilling minerals that leads to toppling failure.     

共源浮动基准面分步静校正方法

不需详细的低速带速度和厚度,利用零最小非纵距三维观测系统的近炮道取得井口时间,计算检波点浮动基准面校正量．以此为基础分别进行炮点、检波点静校正,分步校正到水平基准面。方法可靠,效率、效果明显。     

Measurements and calculations of seasonal evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces: Implications for rock weathering

Evaporation from porous rock plays an important role in weathering processes. In the case of salt weathering, the evaporation rate controls supersaturation of salt solutions within pores and the amount of precipitated aggressive salts, therefore weathering occurs mostly in places with intense evaporation. Evaporation also strongly affects frost, hydric and biogenic weathering, as these are influenced by water content and its temporal changes. Despite its importance, evaporation from porous rocks has seen little scientific focus. We present a study on evaporation from bare sandstone, one of the most common rocks affected by weathering. A new method that measures the evaporation rate from the surfaces of sandstone samples under field microclimate was developed and tested. Also, a simple calculation of 1D evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces based on Fick's law of diffusion is presented. The measurement was performed using sandstone cores (with a set depth of the vaporization plane) in a humid continental climate and measured on a roughly monthly interval for about 1 year. For the calculations, a laboratory-measured water-vapour diffusion coefficient of the sandstone, in-situ seasonally measured vaporization plane depth, and values of air humidity and temperature were used. The sensitivity analyses showed that the most important factor controlling the evaporation rate was the vaporization plane depth, while seasonal and spatial changes of air humidity and temperature were of lesser importance. The calculated evaporation rate reasonably follows measured values. For its simplicity and the small number of parameters required, the proposed method has the potential to improve knowledge of weathering and living conditions of endolithic and epilithic organisms. Further research should focus on factors affecting the evaporation rate (wind, hygroscopicity, hydrophobicity, etc.) to improve the accuracy of the calculations, as well as to test the applicability of the method for other lithologies and climates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈准直测量技术在工业测量系统中的应用

在精密工程测量中,大型设备精密制造和安装,对测量工作提出了更高的要求。通过对平面镜和立方镜准直技术的研究,运用MetroIn系统建立或者恢复高精度的坐标系,实现对高精度设备的制造和安装,该方法成为精密工程测量界重点研究的方向之一。     

基于2维转换原理的实时坐标转换设计

针对目前的多种测量任务,阐述了进行实时坐标转换的必要性。回顾了2维坐标转换的基本原理,从2维坐标转换基本原理出发,以WGS-84坐标向北京54坐标转换为例,提出了以数据库建立为核心的坐标转换的详细设计线路,并给出数据库的基本框架。重点阐述了WGS-84坐标向北京54坐标转换的参数求解过程,为了综合考虑任意测点周围已知点对该点的影响,提出了一种距离加权求参数的方法。最后总结了此设计路线的优点和不足。     

大型复杂平面控制网闭合差计算程序设计与实现

大型复杂平面控制网闭合差的搜寻是平差程序内业质量自动检查的难点和关键问题,许多关于闭合差搜寻与计算方面的论文都只给出了基本原理和大体思路,未涉及程序的具体设计与实现,本文讨论在平面网内业质量检查闭合环和附合路线自动搜寻与计算中的程序设计与实现。     

基于CGCS 2000的高斯平面坐标与城市独立平面坐标转换的研究

在假设一种已知重合点坐标无误差情况下,推导了平面四参数坐标转换模型与平面六参数坐标转换模型的公式,该算法无需由误差方程组成法方程。同时,结合城市独立平面坐标与CGCS 2000平面坐标转换算例进行验证,得出了一些有益结论。     

猴子岩水电站进水口洞脸边坡稳定性分析

猴子岩进水口洞脸边坡高约180m,由于开挖所形成的边坡属于高陡边坡,其开挖后的稳定状况会极大影响引水系统的正常运行。通过对该边坡平洞揭露裂隙特征及地表工程地质条件的系统调查,对边坡的岩体结构类型及其结构面、断层与坡面组合特征进行了细致研究,在此基础上对可能的滑面组合采用刚体极限平衡法进行计算。最后对边坡的安全稳定性进行了评价。     

小比例尺数码航摄资料在城市规划中的应用

对利用小比例尺数码航摄资料进行控制,获取应用于城市规划设计前期1：1000地形图资料的方法进行探讨和实践,进行理论分析和实际应用结果分析,提出满足了我们规划用图的需要。这种方法可为今后一些局部地区急需用图,测绘作为借鉴。