Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity in three-dimensional heterogeneous porous media

Numerical models of groundwater flow require the assignment of hydraulic conductivities to large grid blocks discretizing the flow domain; however, conductivity data is usually available only at the much smaller scale of core samples. This paper describes a geostatistical model for hydraulic conductivity at both the core or point scale and that of grid blocks. Conductivity at the block scale is obtained empirically as a spatial power-average of point scale values. Assuming a multivariate Gaussian model for point log-conductivity, expressions are derived for the ensemble mean and variance of block conductivity. The expression for the ensemble mean of block scale conductivity is found to be similar to an expression for the ensemble effective conductivity of an infinite field derived analytically by earlier authors. Here, block conductivities obtained by power averaging are compared with effective conductivities obtained from a numerical flow model and are found to be in excellent agreement for a suitably chosen averaging exponent. This agreement deteriorates gradually as the log variance of conductivity increases beyond 2. For arbitrary flow field geometry and anisotropic conductivity covariances, the averaging exponent can be calibrated by recourse to numerical flow experiments. For cubic fields and an isotropic spatial covariance, the averaging exponent is found to be 1/3. In this particular case, it was found that flow field discretization at the block scale through local averaging of point conductivities gave similar results to those obtained directly using a point scale discretization of the flow field.     

变动流域滞时方程

流域滞时是流域汇流计算和预报中的一个重要因素。本文尝试将流域滞时表示成流域重心长度Lca(流域重心到流域出口断面的河道长度)与汇流速度v之比的函数,从而使流域滞时随汇流速度的不同而不同,而不再是一个常数。长度Lca反映了流域尺度和几何形态对滞时的影响,而汇流速度则反映流域动力条件对滞时的作用。5个小流域的实测资料检验表明结果较为满意。     

VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is inves-tigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres andsmall-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres andlarge-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropi-cal cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated bymeans of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventila-tion flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of thetropical cyclone.     

Deep crustal growth of quartz, kyanite and garnet into large-aperture, fluid-filled fractures, north-eastern Connecticut, USA

Abstract A petrographic and petrological analysis of exceptionally well-preserved hydrothermal veins from the Merrimack synclinorium, north-eastern Connecticut, has been carried out in order to place new field-based constraints on fracture aperture dimensions and porosity in the lower continental crust. The veins preserve substantial open space today in outcrop, and contain mineral assemblages including subhedral to euhedral crystals of quartz, kyanite and almandine-rich garnet. Textural evidence indicates unequivocally that the vein minerals grew into macroscopic (mm- to cm-scale) open space between the vein walls. The veins are interpreted to have been large-aperture fractures along which significant advective fluid infiltration and chemical reaction occurred. The porosity of the rock mass due to open space between fracture walls today is c . 0.3%, but it could have been as large as several percent when the flow system was active. Quantitative thermobarometry results from vein mineral assemblages indicate that the fractures formed at pressures and corresponding crustal depths of c. 0.8 GPa and c. 30km, and temperatures of 550–600° C. The depth of fracture formation corresponds to published estimates of the maximum burial depth of the Merrimack synclinorium during the Acadian orogeny. The formation of large-aperture fractures could increase significantly the transient permeability of the deep crust, and therefore influence metamorphic heat and mass transfer.     

福建省西部大地热流值

根据福建省西部53个钻孔的实测地温数据和300多块岩石样品的实测热导率数据,计算了29个大地热流值,说明福建西部热流的平均值为74mW/m²,相当于中新生代活动区的热流值。     

Multi-layer Tectonic Model for Intraplate Deformation and Plastic-Flow Network in the Asian Continental Lithosphere

In a large area of the east—central Asian continent there is a unified seismic network system composed of two families of large—seismic belts that intersect conjugately. Such a seismic network in the middle—upper crust is actually a response to the plastic flow network in the lower lithosphere including the lower crust and lithospheric mantle. The existence of the unified plastic flow system confirms that the driving force for intraplate tectonic deformation results mainly from the compression of the India plate, while the long-range transmission of the force is carried out chiefly by means of plastic flow. The plastic flow network has a control over the intraplate tectonic deformation.     

青海湖人湖沙质物的计算与水下沙堤的形成

青海湖流域沙漠以环湖分布为特点,又以ENE为集中。这一状态使多方向的风沙流入湖,而实际上入湖沙量是以W、N、E三个方向的流沙为主。根据入湖风沙公式计算,入湖风沙量为887.08×10~4t/a。并推算出河流泥沙入湖为35.77×10~4t/a,空中降尘为30.36×10~4t/a。入湖后的沙质物在湖流、波浪的作用下,由西向东运移,堆积成水下沙堤,逐渐增高加宽露出水面,分隔成子湖。同时在干燥的气候作用下,导致湖面收缩,生态环境恶化。     

山西断陷带地热特征与地震活动性

山西断陷带是我国著名的地震活动带之一,其地震活动频繁,强度大,震源浅,破坏性严重。山西断陷带地热场特征:各断陷盆地内部大地热流值或地温梯度值都比较高,吕梁山隆起区和太岳山丘陵区则比较低。提出清徐、临汾、蒲县、柳林四个地区的地壳、上地幔热结构,分别计算沉积岩层、花岗岩质层和玄武岩质层底部的温度和热流值。采用逐步逼近法计算浮山—临汾—蒲县剖面二维岩石圈地温结构。并用断陷盆地内的临汾、吕梁山隆起区的柳林、太岳山隆起区的沁源地区的大地热流值推导其岩石圈厚度和底部温度。地热异常影响着地震的孕育和发生,重点探讨了地球内热与地震孕育和发生的内在联系。     

BED FORMS AND RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT-WEIGHT BED MATERIAL

I. INTRODUCTIONResistance to flow in alluvial streams is one of the crucial problems in fluvial hydraulics. Despite that large amount of studies have been conducted for centuries, no perfectmethod describing and calculating the resistance to flow in alluvial streams is availablehll now. Investigation on bed forms and resistance properties of light--weight bed materials is even more scarce. USWES (1936) has conducted systematic experiments onlight--weight materials in a flume & m long an…     

流动注射-光度法测定地质样品中痕量碘

利用I~-对4,4′-四甲基二氨基二苯甲烷(4,4′-TMB-DPM)与氯胺T反应的催化作用,建立了流动注射-分光光度测定地质样品中痕量碘的方法。采用不等流速合并带法,分析速度快、节省试剂、灵敏度高。与高温水解法释放I~-相结合,使样品处理简单、干扰离子少。对于含I~-10μg/L的水样,其RSD(n=19)为1.1％,检出限为0.3ng/ml。用于水系沉积物、土壤分析时,含碘1.6×10~(-6)的样品RSD(n=10)为6.1％,检出限为0.08×10~(-6)。测量速度50N/h。