深海采矿提升管泵级设置优化研究

随着陆上资源的日渐枯竭,深海开发已经成为世界主要大国的重要战略目标,实现高效、低能耗的深海矿产提升具有重要意义。基于大颗粒垂直管道提升理论和离心泵理论,针对不同矿浆浓度设定多种工况,假定泵级数,分别求解系统工作点。从效率、产量、功率和单位产量能耗四个优化指标出发,借助图像进行直观分析比较,优化泵级数的设置。分析结果表明,单位产量能耗在某一较高泵级数处可取得最小值,此时亦可保证较高的产量和泥泵效率较好的发挥,该泵级数可选取为最优泵级数方案。     

Morphological change of natural pipe outlets in blanket peat

Peatlands are important carbon stores and many have natural pipes (tunnels) that transport water and carbon. Pipes are often viewed as passive and slowly changing features of peatland landscapes, particularly for sites that are relatively undisturbed by land management. However, there is a lack of data on pipe morphology change over time. This paper presents the first survey of natural pipe outlets in a peatland in which morphological changes in pipe outlets through time were measured. Three surveys of natural pipe outlets between 2007 and 2010 were conducted in a 17.4 ha, relatively undisturbed, blanket‐peat‐covered catchment in northern England. 27 of the 91 pipe outlets mapped in the first survey had perennial discharge and these outlets were significantly larger and shallower than those from ephemerally‐flowing pipes. The cross‐sectional area of 85% of pipe outlets changed (increased or decreased) during the study, with 20% of pipe outlet areas changing by more than 50 cm² (equivalent to a median 207 % change in area for this upper fifth of pipes) up to a maximum of 312 cm² for one pipe outlet. During the study, 18 pipe outlets completely infilled, while four new ones appeared. Mean pipe outlet area increased between August 2007 and July 2009 but decreased from July 2009 to April 2010. The largest changes in pipe morphology occurred between July 2009 and April 2010, which spanned the coldest winter for 31 years in the UK. During this period there was a significant increase in the proportion of vertically‐elongated pipes and a decrease in the proportion of circular pipes. Pipe outlet morphology in blanket peat catchments is shown to be dynamic and may respond relatively quickly to changes in flow or extreme events, linked to short‐term changes in weather and hence potentially to longer‐term changes in climate or land management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

隐伏碳酸盐岩区第四系松散盖层稳定性分析

在被第四系松散岩类覆盖的碳酸盐岩分布区，由于地下水动力条件改变（如水源超采、矿山排水、矿坑突水等引起的岩溶水位变化），常引发岩溶塌陷地质灾害。为了解第四系松散堆积物厚度与发生岩溶塌陷的关系，通过综合分析山东省岩溶矿区和供水水源地历年来发生的岩溶塌陷分布规律、形态特征及发生过程等，采用应力平衡法剖析了岩溶塌陷的形成机理与松散盖层的稳定性，为隐伏碳酸盐岩区工程地质勘察和岩溶塌陷防治提供参考依据。