南黄海夏初网采浮游植物分布与长期变化

本文根据2012和2013年夏初南黄海网采浮游植物调查数据,与1959、2002及2003年的调查资料作比较,研究了南黄海海域浮游植物的分布和长期变化规律。结果表明,浮游植物生物量的年际变化波动较大,1959年全国海洋综合调查时期的浮游植物生物量显著低于2012—2013年的生物量。2013年浮游植物平均丰度和碳含量最高,分别为(18.73±46.68)×104cell/m3和(1110.71±2107.82)μg C/m3。近岸海域的浮游植物对南黄海浮游植物总生物量有主要贡献。1959年,硅藻在群落中的丰度比例大于93%,而2012—2013年,这一比例下降为50%—60%。相应地,硅藻碳含量比例由70%—85%下降为18%—28%,且甲藻占优势的区域扩大。硅藻碳含量比例在群落中明显下降一方面是因为硅藻碳密度相对较低,另一方面是因为甲藻丰度的增大。相对于1959年,近年来硅藻中的角毛藻属(Chaetoceros)和伪菱形藻属(Pseudonitzschia),以及甲藻中的角藻属(Ceratium)和夜光藻属(Noctiluca)成为新的优势种属。与环境因子的相关性分析表明,影响南黄海夏初浮游植物群落分布的关键环境因子为温度、盐度、硅酸盐和溶解性无机氮。     

Thermal‐infrared remote sensing of surface water–groundwater exchanges in a restored anastomosing channel (Upper Rhine River,France)

Ecohydrological processes are a key element to consider in functional river restorations. In the framework of a LIFE+ European restoration program, we have investigated the potential for airborne thermal‐infrared remote sensing to map surface water–groundwater exchanges and to identify their driving factors. We focused our attention on anastomosing channels on an artificial island of the Upper Rhine River (Rohrschollen), where a new channel was excavated from the floodplain to reconnect an older channel in its upstream part. These hydraulic engineering works led to an increased inflow from the Rhine Canal. Here, we propose an original data treatment chain to (a) georeference the thermal‐infrared images in geographic information system based on visible images, (b) detect and correct data errors, and (c) identify and locate thermal anomalies attributed to groundwater inputs and hyporheic upwellings. Our results, which have been compared to morpho‐sedimentary data, show that groundwater upwelling in the new channel is controlled by riffle–pool sequences and bars. This channel is characterized by large bedload transport and morphodynamic activity, forming riffles and bars. In the old channel, where riffle–pool sequences no longer exist, due to impacts of engineering works and insufficient morphodynamic effects of the restoration, thermal anomalies appeared to be less pronounced. Groundwater inputs seem to be controlled by former gravel bars outcropping on the banks, as well as by local thinning of the low‐permeability clogging layer on the channel bed.     

Inter‐comparison of hydro‐climatic regimes across northern catchments: synchronicity,resistance and resilience

The higher mid‐latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are particularly sensitive to climate change as small differences in temperature determine frozen ground status, precipitation phase, and the magnitude and timing of snow accumulation and melt. An international inter‐catchment comparison program, North‐Watch, seeks to improve our understanding of the sensitivity of northern catchments to climate change by examining their hydrological and biogeochemical responses. The catchments are located in Sweden (Krycklan), Scotland (Mharcaidh, Girnock and Strontian), the United States (Sleepers River, Hubbard Brook and HJ Andrews) and Canada (Catamaran, Dorset and Wolf Creek). This briefing presents the initial stage of the North‐Watch program, which focuses on how these catchments collect, store and release water and identify ‘types’ of hydro‐climatic catchment response. At most sites, a 10‐year data of daily precipitation, discharge and temperature were compiled and evaporation and storage were calculated. Inter‐annual and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes were assessed via normalized fluxes and standard flow metrics. At the annual‐scale, relations between temperature, precipitation and discharge were compared, highlighting the role of seasonality, wetness and snow/frozen ground. The seasonal pattern and synchronicity of fluxes at the monthly scale provided insight into system memory and the role of storage. We identified types of catchments that rapidly translate precipitation into runoff and others that more readily store water for delayed release. Synchronicity and variance of rainfall–runoff patterns were characterized by the coefficient of variation (cv) of monthly fluxes and correlation coefficients. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed clustering among like catchments in terms of functioning, largely controlled by two components that (i) reflect temperature and precipitation gradients and the correlation of monthly precipitation and discharge and (ii) the seasonality of precipitation and storage. By advancing the ecological concepts of resistance and resilience for catchment functioning, results provided a conceptual framework for understanding susceptibility to hydrological change across northern catchments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An analysis method for the influence of tunneling on adjacent loaded pile groups with rigid elevated caps

Tunnel excavation could influence the working performance of adjacent pile foundations. How to accurately predict the tunneling‐induced pile responses is becoming an important issue in urban areas. Previous methods tend to neglect the influence of working loads on the tunneling‐induced pile responses. In this paper, a two‐stage analysis method is proposed to study the behavior of pile groups with rigid elevated caps subjected to tunneling‐induced ground movements, in which the pile–pile interaction, coupling of longitudinal and lateral deformation, and influence of working loads are considered. This method is validated by comparing the results with those from a general pile analysis program, GEPAN, centrifuge test data and field measured data. Thereafter, a series of parametric studies is carried out. The results show that the influence of working load on tunneling‐induced pile responses is significant. Three different features of the pile responses will take place for different depth ratios. With the increase in soil stiffness, the tunneling‐induced axial force increases linearly, whereas the bending moment increases nonlinearly. For soils with high stiffness, the maximum bending moment increases linearly with the ground loss ratio within the range of 0–5%; but for soils with low stiffness, this tendency becomes obviously nonlinear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dragon Tails: Convergent Caudal Morphology in Winged Archosaurs

In the tails of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs and rhamphorhynchid pterosaurs, elongate osteological rods extend anteriorly from the chevrons and the prezygapophyses. These caudal rods are positioned in parallel and are stacked dorsoventrally. The fully articulated and three-dimensionally preserved caudal series of some dromaeosaurid specimens show that individually these caudal rods were flexible, not rigid as previously thought. However, examination of the arrangement of the caudal rods in cross-section indicates that the combined effect of multiple caudal rods did provide substantial rigidity in the dorsoventral, but not in the lateral, plane. The results of digital muscle reconstructions confirm that dromaeosaurids and rhamphorhynchids also shared greatly reduced caudofemoral muscles in the anterior tail region. The striking similarities between the tails of dromaeosaurids and rhamphorhynchids suggest that both evolved under similar behavioral and biomechanical pressures. Combined with recent discoveries of primitive deinonychosaurs that phylogenetically bracket the evolution of dromaeosaurid caudal rods between two arboreal gliding/flying forms, these results are evidence that the unique caudal morphologies of dromaeosaurids and rhamphorhynchids were both adaptations for an aerial lifestyle.     

陕北延河流域水土资源承载力评价研究

基于陕北延河流域2000-2009年的水土资源相关数据,依据《国家人口发展功能区工作技术导则》中对水土地资源承载力的测评模型,计算流域水土资源承载力和承载指数,并对比评价了流域各区县的水土资源承载现状。结果表明:①延河流域各区县的水资源承载状况均为超载,其中延长县和志丹县为过载,宝塔区和安塞县为严重超载。②延河流域各区县的土地资源承载状况存在一定的地域差异性,其中宝塔区和延长县的为严重超载,安塞县和志丹县的为平衡有余。研究可为水土资源在县域之间、省际之间等不同级别行政区域中的合理均衡和分配提供科学依据。     

干酪根分子结构在低熟阶段的演化特征：基于红外光谱分析

为研究低熟气形成过程中大分子结构的变化情况,对吐哈盆地侏罗系八道湾组的煤与碳质泥岩干酪根在不同升温速率下进行了热解实验,借助于红外光谱分析,研究了不同热模拟温度下干酪根结构的特征与变化。结果表明,随热演化的进行,煤与碳质泥岩干酪根的芳香结构不断缩合,含氧官能团不断脱落,碳质泥岩干酪根中的脂肪族类有所降低。吐哈盆地低熟气主要来源于煤与碳质泥岩干酪根中的含氧官能团--羧基与甲氧基,以及碳质泥岩干酪根上的脂肪族。从干酪根结构上揭示了低熟气主要来源于Ⅲ型有机质的原因。     

基于产业链空间网络的京津冀城市群功能协同分析

京津冀协同发展虽已取得显著成效,但缓解区域差异的挑战依然十分严峻。本文基于城市间投入产出表,构建京津冀产业链空间网络,考察京津冀协同发展战略提出前城市间功能协同存在的问题,据此探讨京津冀协同发展政策设计对改善城市间功能协同的有效性。研究发现,京津冀协同发展战略提出前,京津冀城市群存在着有分工、缺协同的问题,主要表现为：① 交通运输设备制造业和机械设备制造业产业链中游部门相对薄弱;② 北京生产性服务业的辐射强度和辐射范围不足;③ 产业链空间网络不均衡,空间融合程度低。产业链空间网络分析表明,《京津冀协同发展规划纲要》针对京津冀城市间功能协同的存在问题提出了解决方向与对策,但在补强产业链中游的加工制造环节、增强首都圈增长极作用和强化石家庄南部支点作用等方面,应加以完善。     

相对弱势群体的城市包容性感知与影响因素分析

城市化过程中包容性价值观的缺失导致城市社会走向分化,高质量的城市化是要建设人人共享的包容城市。通过明确城市包容性感知内涵的7个维度及26个评价要素,使用2020年城市体检问卷调查数据,评价老年群体、低收入群体、低学历群体和外地人4类相对弱势群体的城市包容性感知,并检验个体属性、客观城市特征以及主观感知等因素对居民包容性感知的影响。结果发现：年龄、收入、户籍差别导致的居民包容性感知差距较大,不同学历群体的包容性感知差距较小。4类相对弱势群体的包容性感知在城市之间均存在明显差别。包容性感知因个体属性特征和城市客观特征而异,中小城市居民包容性感知显著更低,常住人口占比、住房可支付能力、人均住房面积、人口密度对于包容性感知有正向促进作用。多项要素的主观感知与包容性感知显著相关,社会治安、对弱势群体友好性、邻里关系以及综合医院的满意度是影响4类相对弱势群体包容性感知的共性因素。     

厦门市建设用地功能区的热环境分异研究

基于厦门2019年的兴趣面(Area of Interest)数据、Landsat遥感影像等多源数据,应用Logistic回归模型、空间自回归模型、衰减模型,分析各类建设用地功能区热力特征和对城市热岛影响程度及升温效应的分异规律。结果表明：各类功能区均具有高温现象。交通运输区高温现象显著,仓储区、工业区次之,居住区、公共设施区则较弱;各功能区比例均对形成城市热岛效应有正向影响,影响大小依次为：工业区>仓储区>公共管理与服务区>居住区>商业服务业区>交通运输区>公共设施区;各功能区比例均与热岛强度呈正相关关系,且空间溢出效应显著。交通运输区、商业服务业区比例对热岛强度的正向影响较强,仓储区、工业区次之,公共管理与服务区、居住区、公共设施区比例的正向影响较弱;工业区、商业服务业区、仓储区、交通运输区的升温效应比较显著。功能区面积越大,则其升温效应越显著,但大面积功能区的升温效应可能出现“饱和现象”。