The ?resund Area: Pre- and post-bridge cross-border functional integration: The bi-national regional question

Copenhagen in Denmark and Malmö in Sweden were connected in 2000 by the 18- km fixed Öresund link. This meant that the time distance-barrier was reduced dramatically and that the land-sea bottleneck was eliminated. High-profile pre-bridge expectations of a new regional development regime towards a functionally integrated, bi-national region are assessed in this paper. The paper relates to the continuing discussion on development of border-regions and bi-national cities. Data on cross-Öresund flows of people and vehicles, together with data on migration and commuting, indicates a modest post-bridge shift in the development of functional integration. The Öresund Area development towards a bi-national, integrated, functional urban region is in progress, but the progress is much slower than expected.     

Ecological classification of macrophytes and phytobenthos for rivers in Germany according to the water framework directive

A new assessment system for macrophytes and phytobenthos in German rivers meeting the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Community is described. Biocoenotic types based on biological, chemical and hydromorphological data from over 200 river sites covering the main ecoregions, hydromorphological stream types and degradation forms have been defined. For developing a classification system the quality element macrophytes and phytobenthos was divided into three components: macrophytes, benthic diatoms and remaining phytobenthos. For macrophytes seven types including one subtype, for benthic diatoms 14 types including three subtypes and for the remaining phytobenthos five river types were identified. The benthic vegetation at reference condition was described for most of the river types. Degradation is characterised as deviation in benthic vegetation species composition and abundance from the reference biocoenosis. For classification in five ecological status classes, several metrics were developed and used in combination with existing indices. For some of the described river types additional investigations are necessary before a classification system can be developed.     

Everywhere different? Globalisation and the impact of international migration on Sydney and Melbourne

Using a new approach to classifying migrant group concentrations, we test for evidence of the effects of globalisation, associated by some with ‘protopostmodernity’, on two Australian cities. Sydney is characterised as an emergent world city and a focus of ‘new economy’ activities. Melbourne is associated with ‘old economy’ activities, dominated by manufacturing. In the Australian context, the onset of globalisation also coincided with significant changes to immigration policy: the end of a ‘white Australia’ policy in the early 1970s in favour of a skills-based policy, regardless of race or ethnicity. We argue that the evidence of the spatial behaviour of ethnic groups for these two cities highlights the essential continuity of ethnic segregation and spatial assimilation processes in two cities where segregation levels and experience are fundamentally different from many overseas examples. We further argue for a need to recognise that context, and the ethnic experience, are everywhere different, both intra- and internationally.     

獐儿沟煤矿CO2突出机理及防治研究

通过长期的生产实践和总结事故的教训,分析了兰州市红古区獐儿沟煤矿南翼采区地质构造特征,煤层赋存状况及煤层中高CO2区的分布规律和突出机理。认为防治CO2突出,必须加强地质工作,查清CO2赋存规律,开展瓦斯预测预报,并有计划地做好抽、排放工作。     

Functional series TARMA modelling and simulation of earthquake ground motion

The non‐stationary Functional Series time‐dependent autoregressive moving average (TARMA) modelling and simulation of earthquake ground motion is considered. Full Functional Series TARMA models, capable of modelling both resonances and antiresonances, are examined for the first time via a novel mixed parametric/non‐parametric estimation scheme, and critical comparisons with pure TAR and recursive ARMA (RARMA)‐recursive maximum likelihood (RML) adaptive filtering type modelling are made. The study is based upon two California ground motion signals: a 1979 El Centro accelerogram and a 1994 Pacoima Dam accelerogram. A systematic analysis, employing various functional subspaces and model orders, leads to two Haar function based models: a TARMA(2,4)₈ model for the El Centro case and a TARMA(6,2)₁₀ model for the Pacoima Dam case. Both models are formally validated and their simulation (synthesis) capabilities are demonstrated via Monte Carlo experiments focusing on important time domain signal characteristics. The Functional Series TAR/TARMA models are shown to achieve parsimony, as well as superior accuracy and simulation capabilities, over their RARMA counterparts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Numerical Reliability for Mixed Methods Applied to Flow Problems in Porous Media

This paper is devoted to the numerical reliability and time requirements of the Mixed Finite Element (MFE) and Mixed-Hybrid Finite Element (MHFE) methods. The behavior of these methods is investigated under the influence of two factors: the mesh discretization and the medium heterogeneity. We show that, unlike the MFE, the MHFE suffers with the presence of badly shaped discretized elements. Thereat, a numerical reliability analyzing software (Aquarels) is used to detect the instability of a matrix-inversion code generated automatically by a symbolic manipulator. We also show that the spectral condition number of the algebraic systems furnished by both methods in heterogeneous media grows up linearly according to the smoothness of the hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, it is found that the MHFE could accumulate numerical errors if large jumps in the tensor of conductivity take place. Finally, we compare running-times for both algorithms by giving various numerical experiments.     

西藏那曲地区畜牧业生态系统功能评价

畜牧业生态系统功能评价是进行草地系统保护与管理、防治草地退化的前提，是畜牧业系统优化和持续发展的根本。为此，以西藏自治区那曲地区草地为研究对象，通过设立评价指标，建立多因子评价模式，采用三角分析法对区域内畜牧业生态系统的社会、经济、生态功能进行综合评价。为区域畜牧业未来发展提供依据。     

楚科奇海和白令海浮游植物的种类组成与分布

根据 1 999年 7月至 8月我国首次北极科学考察期间“雪龙”号考察船在楚科奇海 ( 66°0 .3′N75°1 8.6′N ,1 5 3°36.5′W 1 74°5 9.5′W )和白令海 ( 5 5°5 9.8′N66°0 .3′N ,1 73°2 1 .1′E1 75°5 3.9′W)采集的 5 1份网采样品和 2 4份水采样品 ,鉴定浮游植物 3个门类 38属 1 2 1种 (含变种和变型 ) ,都是真核藻类。其中楚科奇海有 33属 1 0 3种 ,白令海有 2 5属 71种 ,两海区共有种 49种。这些种类可分为 4个生态类群 :( 1 )北极类群 ;( 2 )北极、亚北极北方类群 ;( 3)北方温带类群 ;( 4 )世界性广温类群等。主要优势种有楚科奇海的格鲁菱形藻 (Nitzschiagrunowii)、诺登海链藻(Thalassiosiranordenskioldi)和聚生角毛藻 (Chaetocerossocialis)等和白令海的西氏细齿状藻(Denticulaseminae)、柔弱菱形藻 (Nitzschiadilicatissima)、成列菱形藻 (N .seriata)和长海毛藻(Thalassiothrixlongissima)等。楚克奇海浮游植物的平均丰度 ( 8.32× 1 0 7个 /m3)远高于白令海( 1 .5 8× 1 0 6个 /m3)。文中还讨论了调查区浮游植物的分布特点及其与环境的关系。     

基于多源地理数据融合的黑河中游土地多功能性时空格局与权衡研究

土地多功能利用是提高土地利用效率、缓解人地矛盾、促进区域可持续发展的重要途径。研究构建了“生产-生活-生态”功能的土地多功能性评价指标体系,基于3 km×3 km格网,融合了遥感、统计、POI等多源地理数据,利用投影寻踪模型对黑河中游土地多功能性进行评价,通过变量相关分析和双变量局部空间自相关分析,揭示了土地多功能权衡与协同关系,并采用RGB三通道合成与二阶聚类分析相结合进行土地功能分区。结果表明:(1)黑河中游在不同利用方式下呈现不同功能,在走廊平原区土地功能以生产功能为主导,生活功能和生态功能为辅。生产功能在走廊绿洲农业区优势明显,生活功能高值区集中于城镇等基础设施条件较好的地区,祁连山、龙首山发挥着生态屏障作用。(2)研究时段内,土地多功能性稳中增强。土地多功能性与一级功能的空间格局保持稳定,土地功能间协调性普遍增强,不同功能在空间上日益重叠。(3)按照主导利用方向,土地可划分为以农业生产与城镇空间为主体的重点开发区、优化开发区和适度开发区,以及以生态空间为主的生态屏障区、生态缓冲区和生态修复区。(4)土地多功能利用仍有提升空间,尤其要加强对非主导功能的关注,协调功能间的固有矛盾;统筹推进生态修复,关注自然资本增值,从构建区域绿水青山的格局挖掘土地价值新的增长点。     

大河超基性岩带岩体的含矿性

大河超基性岩带岩体大多呈透镜状、脉状产出,可分为南（S）北（N）两个岩带,北带又进一步划分为N-Ⅰ、N-Ⅱ亚带;N-Ⅰ亚带岩体总体属铁质超基性岩,N-Ⅱ亚带和S带中的岩体为偏镁质的超基性岩。岩带已发现有铬、镍矿体,但铬的矿化弱、矿体规模小;镍在岩带中矿化普遍,随岩体中MgO质量分数升高,镍的矿化强度也相应增加,并伴有钻、铂族等有益组分。