基于物理试验的岩溶区PSSK转化关系研究

为深入了解岩溶地区不同水源转化机理,文章以Basic Hydrology System为平台设计了4组小尺度物理试验。分别对裸露型岩溶区裂隙管道地下径流衰减规律,覆盖型岩溶区土壤达西流、裂隙管道水流转化规律,地表径流、土壤达西流、裂隙管道地下径流三者在覆盖型岩溶区和不同覆盖厚度条件下的转化关系进行了物理模拟。通过试验数据并结合指数衰减方程,得到了裸露型岩溶区流量衰减系数与降雨强度的关系;覆盖型岩溶区以及不同覆盖厚度条件下PSSK(precipitation-surface water-soil water-karst water,降水-地表水-土壤水-岩溶水)转化规律。     

Effects of Poplar Plantations on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils: A Case Study in the North China Plain

In recent years, large areas of farmland in the North China Plain have been converted into short-rotation poplar plantations. To analyze the impacts of poplar plantations on soil, 22 soil samples were collected and assayed from the soil profiles of a corn field and a poplar plantation. The results showed that the average soil moisture content of the soil profile in the poplar field was 2.6 percent lower than that of the arable land. The maximum difference in soil moisture content was found in the upper 0-10 cm of topsoil. Soil organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the cornfield were significantly higher than in the poplar field. Higher nutrient content in the corn field may result from higher fertilizer inputs and the practice of returning straw to the cropped field. The analysis also showed no significant increase in soil organic matter content in deeper soil layers of the poplar field, which means that the conditions are not favorable for the formation of soil organic matter, or that soil organic matter needs a longer time to develop. Elements such as magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in both the corn field and the poplar field had a tendency to accumulate with increasing soil depth. Magnesium, iron, manganese and copper in the 0-80 cm soil layer of the poplar field were higher than those of the cornfield, but the situation was reversed at depths greater than 80 cm. It is concluded that poplar trees consume a large amount of soil moisture and soil nutrients. Local governments should prevent the development of new plantations of fast-growing trees in farmland and help farmers to recover their farmland from forestry plantations.     

真空联合堆载预压加固土体的工程地质性质

为解决一些软土不能满足工程建设要求的问题, 必须对其进行加固处理。本文借助室内试验, 对比江门软土加固前后的基本物理性质、物理化学性质和力学性质, 借助扫描电镜( SEM) 对比研究加固前后土体微结构和工程性质的变化。研究表明: 加固后黏粒组含量明显减少, 砂砾组和粉粒组含量明显增加, pH值降低, 阳离子交换量大幅下降, Ca2 + 、CI- 和HCO - 3 含量减小, 其他离子含量变化不明显。加固过程增加了颗粒之间的连结力, 力学性质明显提高。加固前软土的微结构以絮凝状结构为主, 大孔隙较多; 加固后以团粒状结构为主, 粒内和粒间孔隙变小。真空联合堆载预压加固效果明显, 软土工程性质明显提高, 可以满足工程建设的需要。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘延长组成岩作用及储层物性特征

通过成岩作用及储层物性的综合分析,该区主要油层组长9、长8、长6及长2的岩石成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较差,均经历了晚成岩A期。压实作用降低了储层的孔隙度,致密的碳酸盐岩胶结降低了孔隙度并阻止了次生孔隙的产生。该区储层为低孔低渗储层,孔隙度在4％-8％之间,渗透率多小于0．1×10^-3μm2。     

Evaporative losses from soils covered by physical and different types of biological soil crusts

Evaporation of soil moisture is one of the most important processes affecting water availability in semiarid ecosystems. Biological soil crusts, which are widely distributed ground cover in these ecosystems, play a recognized role on water processes. Where they roughen surfaces, water residence time and thus infiltration can be greatly enhanced, whereas their ability to clog soil pores or cap the soil surface when wetted can greatly decrease infiltration rate, thus affecting evaporative losses. In this work, we compared evaporation in soils covered by physical crusts, biological crusts in different developmental stages and in the soils underlying the different biological crust types. Our results show that during the time of the highest evaporation (Day 1), there was no difference among any of the crust types or the soils underlying them. On Day 2, when soil moisture was moderately low (11%), evaporation was slightly higher in well‐developed biological soil crusts than in physical or poorly developed biological soil crusts. However, crust removal did not cause significant changes in evaporation compared with the respective soil crust type. These results suggest that the small differences we observed in evaporation among crust types could be caused by differences in the properties of the soil underneath the biological crusts. At low soil moisture (<6%), there was no difference in evaporation among crust types or the underlying soils. Water loss for the complete evaporative cycle (from saturation to dry soil) was similar in both crusted and scraped soils. Therefore, we conclude that for the specific crust and soil types tested, the presence or the type of biological soil crust did not greatly modify evaporation with respect to physical crusts or scraped soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绩溪县洪坑板岩砚石矿的岩性、成分、物理化学性能特征分析

赋存于中元古代大谷运组上段地层中的绩溪县洪坑板岩类砚石,通过与歙砚石～歙县龙头石及江西龙尾石、九江石、大畈石、玉山石的物理化学参数测试资料对比分析,歙砚石其原岩均为泥砂质构造沉积岩,但岩性、成分、物理化学性能特征存在一定差异,与歙砚石—龙尾石属于不同成因机制的砚石。     

浅谈涉密测绘成果管理

随着全国二次土地调查工作的全面开展,基础测绘工作出现了飞跃式的发展,这就对基础测绘成果的管理和应用提出了更高、更新的要求。结合多年基层基础测绘成果管理经验,对涉密测绘成果的管理及使用上提出了一些建议。     

Escapism. Yi-Fu Tuan; Transnationalism from Below. Michael Peter Smith and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo,editors; Race,Place, and the Law 1836-1948. David Delaney; Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity,Gender, and the Sociology of Disasters. Walter Gillis Peacock,Betty Hearn Morrow,and Hugh Gladwin,editors

In the second half of the 20th century, considerable resources and efforts have been devoted to revitalizing American central cities. In these redevelopment processes, however, the common byproduct of physical upgrading is social upgrading, the displacement of many of the original residents, who are often low-income and minority, from their traditional neighborhoods. This article explores the various processes of physical and social upgrading—including locally driven urban renewal, private sector "blockbusting," and gentrification—occurring in late 20th century Houston, Texas. This research also examines the neighborhood characteristics and demographic patterns that influence the occurrence of specific upgrading processes. One location of particular interest in the study is Houston's historic African American community of Freedmen's Town, which has experienced decades of conflict over land and space. Most recently, Freedmen's Town has been at the focus of Houston's urban revival, where physical upgrading has been accompanied by the displacement of the community's traditional population and the destruction of this historic neighborhood.     

The Biogeography of Geographers: A Content Visualization of Journal Publications

Biogeographers choose to align their scholarship within different domains, from ecological or historical biogeography, to landscape ecology, macroecology, or the analytical perspective initiated with the theory of island biogeography. Biogeography is also practiced under the umbrella of geography, as geographical biogeography. Using the ISI Web of Science journal article database, I performed content visualizations of research authored by those biogeographers with an identity or interest aligned with geography. Content affinities with ecological biogeography were strong. However, physical geography materialized as the core of biogeographical inquiry for geographers based upon the central location of physical geography within these visualizations, and upon the ranking of journals where these geographers publish. I argue that the systems legacy of physical geography provides geographical biogeographers with an identity and an invitation to connect with the field of scholars advancing the study of complex systems.