基于混料设计的WC基复合胎体性能研究

采用混料设计方法,研究了WC、YG8、663-Cu含量变化对WC基复合胎体抗弯强度的影响规律。3种成分含量变化对抗弯强度有显著性影响,呈线性模型关系,得出了相应的回归方程。三者之间的影响大小是YG8＞WC＞663-Cu;3种成分含量变化对强度损失率影响很小,通过调整三者的成分比例,无法有效地提高胎体对金刚石的把持力。     

循环脱吸湿与加卸载耦合作用下土体持水性能试验研究

土体所经历的干湿循环和应力历史,对其孔隙结构和持水性能影响明显。为进一步深入研究二者耦合作用的影响,开展了先竖向固结再循环脱吸湿以及先气压脱湿再反复竖向加卸载两种不同加载路径的水分变化测量试验,探索土样持水性能和变形能力的演化规律。研究结果表明:(1)脱湿与吸湿路径对比,土体的持水能力具有明显的差异性,且土体越密实,这种差异性越强烈;(2)随着脱吸湿循环次数的增加,土样的进气值略有增大,减湿段和吸湿段的斜率都会减小,但影响趋势随循环次数增多而减弱;(3)对于气压减湿后的非饱和土样,其前期固结压力随气压值增加而增大,而加卸载形成的滞回圈的面积却随之减小,土体的持水性能和变形能力也降低;(4)重塑土样从不同加载路径首次达到同一应力状态时,先固结再脱湿路径下土样的体积收缩更多,而先施加气压再加载路径下土样持水性能减弱的更多。     

蔗渣生物质炭对喀斯特农田石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响

生物质炭对于土壤中不同形态氮库的含量影响已有较多研究,但对西南喀斯特区石灰性土壤氮素形态,尤其是控制氮素形态的转化过程研究较为缺乏。本研究设置土壤中添加1%(C1)和3%(C2)蔗渣生物质炭2个用量水平,并以不施用蔗渣生物质炭作为对照(CK),共3个处理,通过 15 NH 4 NO 3 和NH^15 4 NO 3 成对标记技术,结合MCMC氮素转化模型研究了不同用量的蔗渣生物质炭对石灰性土壤氮转化过程的短期影响,为该地区蔗渣资源化利用和土壤氮保持提供理论支撑。结果表明,与CK相比,添加蔗渣生物质炭能够快速提高土壤pH和有机碳含量。添加生物质炭并没有显著改变土壤氮的矿化、铵态氮(NH^+ 4 )和硝态氮(NO^- 3 )的微生物同化和异养硝化速率,但NH^+ 4 吸附速率随生物质炭用量的增加而提高,以添加量最高的C2处理最大。添加生物质炭同样提高了土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率,但C1和C2处理的土壤NH^+ 4 释放速率并无显著性差异。与CK和C1处理相比,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭通过抑制自养硝化速率而显著降低了硝态氮净产生速率。这些结果表明,施用高量蔗渣生物质炭于石灰性土壤中可快速实现对NH^+ 4 吸附,降低自养硝化速率,减少NO^- 3 产生,从而降低了其损耗和淋失风险。     

Cover crops and precipitation influence soluble reactive phosphorus losses via tile drain discharge in an agricultural watershed

Subsurface tile drainage speeds water removal from agricultural fields that are historically prone to flooding. While managed drainage systems improve crop yields, they can also contribute tothe eutrophication of downstream ecosystems, as tile-drained systems are conduits for nutrients to adjacent waterways. The changing climate of the Midwestern US has already altered precipitation regimes which will likely continue into the future, with unknown effects on tile drain water and nutrient loss to waterways. Adding vegetative cover (i.e., as winter cover crops) is one approach that can retain water and nutrients on fields to minimize export via tile drains. In the current study, we evaluate the effect of cover crops on tile drain discharge and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) loads using bi-monthly measurements from 43 unique tile outlets draining fields with or without cover crops in two watersheds in northern Indiana. Using four water years of data (n = 844 measurements), we examined the role of short-term antecedent precipitation conditions and variation in soil biogeochemistry in mediating the effect of cover crops on tile drain flow and SRP loads. We observed significant effects of cover crops on both tile drain discharge and SRP loads, but these results were season and watershed specific. Cover crop effects were identified only in spring, where their presence reduced tile drain discharge in both watersheds and SRP loads in one watershed. Varying effects on SRP loads between watersheds were attributed to different soil biogeochemical characteristics, where soils with lower bioavailable P and higher P sorption capacity were less likely to have a cover crop effect. Antecedent precipitation was important in spring, and cover crop differences were still evident during periods of wet and dry antecedent precipitation conditions. Overall, we show that cover crops have the potential to significantly decrease spring tile drain P export, and these effects are resilient to a wide range of precipitation conditions.     

Quantifying terrain controls on runoff retention and routing in the Northern Prairies

The role of hummocky terrain in governing runoff routing and focussing groundwater recharge in the Northern Prairies of North America is widely recognised. However, most hydrological studies in the region have not effectively utilised information on the surficial geology and associated landforms in large-scale hydrological characterization. The present study uses an automated digital elevation model (DEM) analysis of a 6500-km² area in the Northern Prairies to quantify hydrologically relevant terrain parameters for the common types of terrains in the prairies with different surficial deposits widespread in the prairies, namely, moraines and glaciolacustrine deposits. Runoff retention (and storage) capacity within depressions varies greatly between different surficial deposits and is comparable in magnitude with a typical amount of seasonal snowmelt runoff generation. The terrain constraint on potential runoff retention varies from a few millimetres in areas classified as moraine to tens of millimetres in areas classified as stagnant ice moraine deposits. Fluted moraine and glaciolacustrine deposits have intermediate storage capacity values. The study also identified the probability density function describing a number of immediate upstream neighbours for each depression in a fill-and-spill network. A relationship between depression parameters and surficial deposits, as well as identified depression network structure, allows parametrisation of hydrologic models outside of the high-resolution DEM coverage, which can still account for terrain variation in the Prairies.     

Bioassessment Techniques for Monitoring of Eutrophication and Nutrient Limitation in Coastal Ecosystems

Bioassesment by the use of the macroalga, Ulva lactuca L., was carried out in the Limfjord, Denmark, to assess the significance of nitrogen and phosphorus as limiting factors for primary production during 1985, 1993, 1994 and 1995 and for the detection of changes in eutrophication levels.

Minimum and critical tissue concentrations for nitrogen and phosphorus in macroalgae were identified. The concentrations of nitrogen were generally below the critical concentration level in June–October in 1985, 1993, and 1995 but in 1994 nitrogen was only limiting for primary production in short periods. Only in early spring in 1985 and 1993 were the tissue concentrations of phosphorus below the critical concentration level, whereas in 1994 up to 3–4 months showed phosphorus limited growth, indicating that significant changes in limitation patterns can occur between different years.

It was concluded that the use of biomonitoring techniques is well suited as a bioassessment method for direct detection and for providing a time-integrated measure of nutrient availability in coastal waters, and thus for assessing ecosystem health with regard to eutrophication. It is recommended that biomonitors and the concept of critical tissue concentrations should be used in environmental management and incorporated in future monitoring programmes.     

海陆边缘沉积磷在全球变化研究中的意义

从磷的生物地球化学循环的角度,讨论了磷与大气圈O2、CO2的关联模式,并通过研究磷的环境地球化学行为,揭示了海陆边缘沉积磷对古气候、古环境变化的记录及其对指示古全球变化的关键性,同时提出了中国东部沿海近代沉积磷的积累与全球变化的耦合作用关系,在中短时间尺度的全球变化研究中所具有的特殊意义。     

江西雅山花岗岩长石中磷的分布及意义

雅山富氟高磷花岗岩具较高的全岩磷含量（０．１５％～０．５５％）,长石是磷的主要赋存矿物,磷以ＰＡｌＳｉ－２替换方式进入长石结构中。各种结晶习性的长石的磷含量各不相同。早世代钠长石和雪球结构中钠长石包裹体的结晶较早,平均磷含量分别为０．１８％和０．１９％,而晚世代钠长石和环带钾长石中钠长石嵌晶的结晶稍晚,具较高的平均磷含量（分别为０．２５％和０．２３％）。钾长石的磷含量相对于钠长石总体上较低,早期结晶的雪球结构主晶钾长石和环带钾长石的磷含量最低,分别为０．０４％和０．０２％,晚期细粒钾长石的平均磷含量略高（０．１９％）。长石对全岩磷的贡献率还与磷锂铝石等磷酸盐副矿物是否达到饱和有关,当无磷锂铝石结晶时,长石磷的贡献率约为７６％,反之则约为３１％。     

厦门西港引发有害硅藻水华磷的阈值研究

1995年10月,在厦门市国家海洋局第三海洋研究所的陆基水池中,应用海洋围隔生态系实验技术,研究了在无海流、盐度等因子干扰的情况下,磷的形态、分布及其与浮游植物生物量的相关性。结果表明,海水中的可溶性无机磷（DIP）随时间里指数函数减少。浮游植物生物量主要与可溶性无机磷密切相关：[Chl－a]=A×e-B[PO4],这种相关的浮游植物生物量表现2d左右的滞后现象。还探讨了限制浮游植物增殖的DIP的最低浓度为0．3－04μmol／L,从DIP表现浓度估算浮游植物可能达到的最大生物量为[Chl－a]=10mg／m3,并由此估算出引发中肋骨条藻赤潮的DIP的阈值为1．2μmol／L,作为赤潮预测预报的参考。     

底泥释磷及其对杭州西湖富营养化的影响

杭州西湖是一个小型浅水湖泊,底泥由上部藻骸腐泥和下部泥炭层构成,其显著特点是有机碳含量特别高,氮含量也相当高,而磷的富集程度相对较低。通过实验室和现场模拟研究,考察了pH值、温度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位及上覆水种类等环境因素对底泥释磷量和释磷速率的影响。上覆水pH值在6.5—7.0范围内底泥释磷量最低;在较高或较低pH值时,释磷量倍增。升高水温或降低上覆水溶解氧浓度均能加速释磷。实验室模拟西湖底泥最大释磷量为0.368μgP/g。夏季现场模拟平均释磷速率为1.02mg P/m~2·d;由此估算底泥释磷量达1.346tP/a,相当于年平均外部入湖磷负荷的36.4％。底泥释磷对西湖富营养化起着不容忽视的影响。