Correction factors for estimating suspended sediment export from loess catchments

This study focuses on problems related to estimating the exact exported suspended sediment quantity and quality from flow‐proportional samples taken at a fixed height at the outlet of a small, agricultural catchment in central Belgium. First, a correction factor is introduced to estimate the real suspended sediment concentration. This factor depends on the stream depth and the grain size distribution of the sediment and is necessary because of the presence of a concentration gradient in the stream. Secondly, water depth is corrected for the sediment volume, and thirdly, the grain size distribution of the exported sediment is corrected. The application of these correction factors leads to a reduction of the estimated total sediment export by 18 per cent (from 4810 Mg over a period of three years to 3930 Mg). Furthermore, the importance of small grain size fractions increases, leading to higher enrichment ratios for the clay fraction and lower ratios for the sand fraction. Suspended sediment export is thus more selective than was previously thought. Due to the overestimation of the sediment export, total phosphorus losses from the catchment are also overestimated by 17 per cent. This paper therefore emphasizes that point sampling of suspended sediment is biased and that a method should be incorporated to correct the sediment export in terms of quantity and quality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微型生态系统中鲢、鳙下行影响的实验研究——2.营养物水平

鲢、鳙放养使微型生态系统的水柱氮、磷浓度和磷的分布发生了明显的变化。至实验结束时,各实验组的水柱颗粒磷、总磷和氨氮浓度都比对照组高,而正磷酸盐浓度和沉积物磷的量均低于对照组。这种变化以鳙单养系统为最大,其次是鲢、鳙混养系统,鲢单养系统的变化最小。微型生态系统中正磷酸盐浓度同浮游动、植物密度和初级生产力显著相关,氨氮浓度同所述变量之间的相关关系则多半与正磷酸盐相反。实验观测期间浮游植物密度与总磷浓度之间存在营养级联假说所预见的下行影响,实验结束时二者之间却有上行影响的趋向。根据实验观测结果认为,微型生态系统营养物(尤其是磷)水平的变动,主要是鲢、鳙的摄食改变了系统的群属结构和代谢强度的结果,同时反映了实验鱼对系统中营养物再生的影响。     

Geochemistry of Fe and Mn in surficial sediments of a tropical river and estuary,India—a granulometric approach

Geochemical characteristics of Fe and Mn in sand, silt, and clay fractions as well as in bulk sediments of the tropical perennial Muvattupuzha river and the Central Vembanad estuary of the southwest coast of India have been studied and discussed. The results of a physical fractionation study of Fe and Mn indicated a substantial increase in the content of these metals in silt and clay fractions above that in sand. The riverine silt and clay fractions account for two to three times the enrichment of Fe and Mn than the corresponding sand fraction; the estuarine counterparts indicate four to eight times the enrichment. The observed enrichment of Fe and Mn towards the more finer size grades is mainly due to the increased surface area of the finer clastics, which in turn increase the absorptive ability. However, the mineralogical diversities of the three size fractions also influence the enrichment of Fe and Mn. The spatial distribution of Fe and Mn indicates a marked decrease in the content of the latter than the former towards the high saline zones of the river and the estuary. This variation could be due to the higher solubility of Mn towards the high saline zones of the aquatic environment where reducing condition prevails most of the year.     

盐卤硼酸盐化学Ⅹ Ⅹ Ⅴ Ⅲ硼氧酸盐结晶液固相硼同位素组成

实验研究了硼氧酸盐在水溶液结晶沉淀后液固相硼同位素组成，结果表明，硼氧酸盐结晶固相的硼同位素组成与溶液相ｐＨ、总硼浓度及析出固相后固液相硼摩尔比有关，不仅存在正的硼同位素分馏效应，而且存在负的硼同位素分馏效应。     

Contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus by precipitation in the drainage basin of the Santillana Reservoir (Madrid)

The contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus due to precipitation constitutes the second most important route after superficial runoff. The sampling carried out during a two-year period by means of a precipitation collector allows us to determine the contribution of this route both qualitatively and quantitatively. Nitrogen is mainly supplied in an inorganic form, while phosphorus is principally supplied as orthophosphate. During the period of this study (March 1986–February 1988) it was found that in the Santillana Reservoir Watershed the level of nitrogen supplied by precipitation constitutes an average of 4.87% and the level of phosphorus constitutes 8.01%. The contribution of nitrogen varies in inverse ratio to precipitation and the contribution of phosphorus varies in direct ratio.     

A geochemical model for evaluating theories on the genesis of Florida''s sedimentary phosphate deposits

Present ionic concentrations of Ca ⁺⁺,HCO ₃ ^- ,and HPO ₄ ⁼ in surface and groundwater runoff in Florida indicate that phosphorus is being concentrated in rock through dissolution and reprecipitation, with calcium phosphate increasing at the expense of calcium carbonate. Analog computer simulation of a systems model of this process suggests that significant enrichment can occur in 20 million years. The degree of enrichment depends on the supply of new phosphorus to Florida through rain and oceanic exchange processes. If the calcium phosphate content of original rock is 0.5 to 1.0 percent (0.52 to 1.05 percent P ₂ O ₅),a formation with 10 to 20 percent calcium phosphate (CaPO ₄ or 10.5 to 21.0 percent P ₂ O ₅)as in the Hawthorn Formation (Miocene)may result. Nutrient upwelling along the continental slope coupled with transport to the estuaries by lateral eddy diffusion can supply an additional 400 mg P|m ² |yr which, if deposited, would result in a sediment with a 4.3 percent CaPO ₄ (4.5 percent P ₂ O ₅)content. If this is enriched later by resolution, 40 percent CaPO ₄ (42 percent P ₂ O ₅)results. Through geologic time, the ocean may be considered as a source of phosphorus to the land through rain or estuarine sediment.     

Variation of phytoplankton biomass and primary production in Daya Bay during spring and summer

Environmental factors, phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) and primary production of two water areas in Daya Bay (Dapeng'ao Bay and Aotou Bay) were investigated during the transition period from spring to summer. Chl a ranged from 3.20 to 13.62 and 13.43 to 26.49 mg m(-3) in Dapeng'ao Bay and Aotou Bay respectively, if data obtained during red tides are excluded. Primary production varied between 239.7 and 1001.4 mg Cm(-2) d(-1) in Dapeng'ao Bay. The regional distribution of Chl a and primary production were mostly consistent from spring to summer in both bays. Seasonal transition characters have been found in Daya Bay from spring to summer, including high values of DO, nitrate and silicate. Size structures of phytoplankton and its primary production do not change very much from spring to summer, with micro-phytoplankton dominating and contributing about 50% of the whole. In Daya Bay, phytoplankton is limited by nitrogen in spring, and by phosphate in summer. Artificial impacts are evident from high temperature effluent from nuclear power stations, aquaculture and sewage. During the investigation, a red tide occurred in Aotou Bay, with a maximum Chl a of 103.23 mgm(-3) at surface and primary production of 2721.9 mg Cm(-2) d(-1) in the red tide center. Raised water temperature and nutrient supply from land-sources help to stimulate annual red tides.     

强弱风浪扰动下太湖的营养盐垂向分布特征

在一次风速12m/s的强风浪过程中及在连续多天弱风浪之后,对太湖梅梁湾一浅水区营养盐、悬浮物等的垂向分布进行了观测和分析。结果表明,在水底沉积物约20cm的情况下,强风浪期间与弱风浪期间相比,湖水中悬浮物浓度提高了10倍,总磷浓度提高了3 6倍。而强风浪期间与弱风浪期间的水体溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)的浓度无显著差异。说明尽管强风浪过程引起沉积物大量悬浮,水体悬浮颗粒态营养盐显著增高,但是由于悬浮过程营养盐释放与沉降机制作用十分复杂,活性营养盐的浓度未必能提高。无论强风浪还是弱风浪期间,水体的表层至水土界面上50cm层的悬浮物浓度、营养盐浓度没有明显的分层现象,但明显低于水土界面上50cm内的悬浮物浓度和总磷浓度。无论是强风浪期间还是弱风浪期间,表层到底层水体SRP浓度无显著差异。     

Vertical distribution of phosphorus and P-dissolving/decomposing bacteria in the sediment of Guanting reservoir

In this study, we determined pH, phosphorus content and the number of P-dis- solving/decomposing bacteria in relation to the depth in the sediment of Guanting reservoir in Beijing. The pH value was slightly increased from 8.0 in the surface to 8.5 in the bottle (69 cm in depth) of sediment. The highest P content, 1269 mg/kg, was detected in the 35 cm layer, followed by the 5 cm (993 mg/kg) and 69 cm (580 mg/kg) layers. The number of inorganic P-dissolving bacteria varied from 6(102 to 8(104 and the organic P-discomposing bacteria were from 1.9(103 to 6.3(104 per gram sediment in different depths, which were counted under 28℃ and 20℃ ( pH7.5 and 8.5. The number of P-dissolving/discomposing bacteria was directly correlated to the P content in each layer of sediments. The analysis of P-dissolving/decomposing ability of bacteria showed that some of these bacteria were also capable of accumulating P intracellularly. The intracellular P-accumulation was more efficient at lower temperature; in contrast, the activity of P-dissolving/decomposing was stronger at higher temperature. So the content of dissolved P in water body, or quality of water, could be affected by the change of temperature via the regulation of bacterial activity. On the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing, the 13 efficient P-dis- solving/decomposing bacteria were identified as Bacillus spp., Bacterium sp., Microbacterium sp., Paenibacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.