Converted phases analysis of the Campi Flegrei caldera using active seismic data

We applied a type of depth migration for converted seismic phases to active and passive seismic data sets from the Campi Flegrei volcanic region in southern Italy. The migration method is based on the diffraction summation migration technique. Travel times to grid points in a volume were calculated in smooth P and S-velocity models and trace energy near the calculated converted phase time was stacked over multiple sources at one receiver. Weighting factors based on Snell's Law at an arbitrarily oriented local interface were applied to better focus trace energy. PP reflection images from the active data set provide increased detail to images of the caldera rim from other studies. The migrated images also show features near 2–3 km in depth beneath Pozzuoli City, which may be associated with an over-pressured gas volume, as suggested by other geophysical investigations. Possible deeper features near 4 km depth may be related to the presence of the carbonate basement or may image a previously undetected feature, such as a small body of strongly thermometamorphosed volcanic rock. The current passive earthquake data set from the 1984 ground uplift episode was not well suited to the converted phases analysis due to narrow P–S windows and high noise levels in the traces. However, two stations provide confirmation and extension of imaged features in the active data.     

Numerical modeling of three‐phase dissolution of underground cavities using a diffuse interface model

Natural evaporite dissolution in the subsurface can lead to cavities having critical dimensions in the sense of mechanical stability. Geomechanical effects may be significant for people and infrastructures because the underground dissolution may lead to subsidence or collapse (sinkholes). The knowledge of the cavity evolution in space and time is thus crucial in many cases. In this paper, we describe the use of a local nonequilibrium diffuse interface model for solving dissolution problems involving multimoving interfaces within three phases, that is, solid–liquid–gas as found in superficial aquifers and karsts. This paper generalizes developments achieved in the fluid–solid case, that is, the saturated case [1]. On one hand, a local nonequilibrium dissolution porous medium theory allows to describe the solid–liquid interface as a diffuse layer characterized by the evolution of a phase indicator (e.g., porosity). On the other hand, the liquid–gas interface evolution is computed using a classical porous medium two‐phase flow model involving a phase saturation, that is, generalized Darcy's laws. Such a diffuse interface model formulation is suitable for the implementation of a finite element or finite volume numerical model on a fixed grid without an explicit treatment of the interface movement. A numerical model has been implemented using a finite volume formulation with adaptive meshing (e.g., adaptive mesh refinement), which improves significantly the computational efficiency and accuracy because fine gridding may be attached to the dissolution front. Finally, some examples of three‐phase dissolution problems including density effects are also provided to illustrate the interest of the proposed theoretical and numerical framework. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Study on the Distribution of Wave Phases

Probability distributions of wave phases in association with distributions of surface elevations arestudied with wave records.Wave records of different nature are used for comparison.These are surface fluc-tuations acquired during wind wave flume experiments,representing wave generation under strong wind:andwave records measured in the northern part of Taiwan for waves in natural environments.Three probabilitymodels,the unifrom distribution,the beta distribution,and a model from Tayfun and Lo(1989)are adoptedto study the possible distributions of wave phases.It is found that when surface elevations become skewed,wave phases deviate from the usually assumed uniform distribution and a better model would be the beta dis-tribution.     

高台测震新旧台基记录地震及震相特征差异性对比分析

使用相同带宽、同类型地震计BBVS-120观测记录数据,对高台地震台新旧观测山洞的台基环境噪声、地震监测能力及震相记录特征进行对比分析,结果表明,高台测震新山洞的地震监测水平优于旧山洞,部分地区新山洞对于核面反射波的记录更加清晰。     

准噶尔盆地南缘古牧地背斜多期构造变形特征

古牧地背斜位于博格达山前阜康断裂带的北缘。为探讨博格达山隆升在沉积盆地内的构造响应特征,作者结合野外地表露头观测、地震反射特征和磷灰石裂变径迹分析,认为古牧地背斜垂向上可划分为深浅两大构造层:深层侏罗系西山窑组(J_2x)以下地层具有双重构造的特征,活动时间为150~130和100~80 Ma;浅层侏罗系西山窑组及以上地层具有断层突破型断层传播褶皱的特征,活动时间约为30 Ma。以上研究成果一方面反映出博格达山晚侏罗世以来多期构造活动的特点,另一方面反映古牧地背斜深层双重构造具有形成时间早、埋深相对浅的特点,是准噶尔盆地南缘有利的油气勘探领域。     

高频GNSS形变波的震相识别：模拟实验与实例分析

高频GNSS震时形变波震相及识别是GNSS地震学的重要内容.在实时数据处理基础上,本文利用振动台的高频GNSS观测实验,并结合近期部分大震的高频GNSS形变波震相特征进行研究.数据处理结果表明,实时处理与事后处理的精度在同一量级,且与采样率无关.通过与同址观测强震仪和地震计记录的对比及特定震相的频谱分析,发现高频GNSS可完整记录P波、S波、Love波及Rayleigh波震相,影响震相记录的主要因素是GNSS定位精度与震级,而仅当震中距很小时,采样率将产生一定影响.研究结果得出：基于地震波传播规律,利用高频GNSS台阵记录的形变波空间分段特征,结合震相运动轨迹及其他地震波记录,可实现实时高频GNSS形变波的震相识别.     

Halosaurus pectoralis McCulloch (Pisces: Halosauridae) in the New Zealand region (note)

Halosaurus pectoralis McCulloch is recorded from off Gisborne, New Zealand, and from south‐east of Lord Howe Island, thus adding a second species of the order Heteromi to the New Zealand fauna.     

基于MYSQL数据库的地震震相走时系统编制与应用

介绍在网络环境下地震震相走时表系统编制的相关技术和流程,阐述该系统特点及使用方法.该震相走时系统在安徽省地震台站应用后,速报时间缩短,地震震相分析精度提高,收到预期效果.     

南宁市坛洛镇岩溶塌陷群成因机制分析

岩溶塌陷是岩溶区较为常见的地质灾害,对其成因机制的研究有助于针对性的进行综合防治。为了弄清2012年6月在广西南宁市坛洛镇连续发生的岩溶塌陷的成因及发育机制,在塌陷群发生地区开展了现场调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质工程地质钻探、地下水动态长期监测、岩土样测试等多项工作。结果表明,坛洛岩溶塌陷群是各种不良因素共同作用的产物。其致塌因素主要包括特殊的“水-土-岩”组合及人为活动。研究区地下水位埋深较浅,土体结构以粘性土为主,渗透系数较低且易崩解,地下岩溶极为发育。高强度的人工地下水开采活动是坛洛岩溶塌陷的诱因。深入分析其发育机理,认为塌陷群是渗流潜蚀效应、增荷失托效应和水位波动产生的气压差效应等3个力学效应综合作用下发生的,其致塌模式是重力致塌、潜蚀致塌、真空吸蚀致塌和冲爆致塌等4种模式的相互结合。根据岩溶塌陷的发生顺序推断坛洛镇岩溶塌陷群的发育过程可分为缓慢发育—塌陷诱发—塌陷集中爆发3个阶段,各阶段的主要地质营力有所不同。      

三峡工程水库重点监视区不同蓄水阶段地震波Q值分析

利用2001～2015年三峡数字遥测地震台网记录到的数字地震观测资料,结合三峡工程水库蓄水情况,采用Atkinson方法分析该地区的地震波衰减特征,得到不同蓄水阶段、不同库段的非弹性衰减结果。结果显示,Q值与频率变化的线性关系较好,各频点在拟合线附近波动;3个库段在不同蓄水阶段均具有较小的Q0值和中等的η值,表明三峡工程水库重点监视区构造复杂,且介质的均匀程度较低;仙女山-九畹溪断裂附近地区Q值较大,表明该地区构造运动比较稳定;巴东高桥断裂附近地区Q值较小,表明该地区构造运动比较强烈;泄滩地区随着水位的升高,Q0值增大,表明该地区介质均匀程度有所提高。